Android(安卓)Wi-Fi — IP forward — ndc — netd - android

http://trac.gateworks.com/wiki/Android/wireless

Android uses the standard hostapd and wpa_supplicant users-space daemons for Access Point and authentication management. These are fairly close forks of the upstream projects with some changes specifically for Android. Source for both is currently in the external/wpa_supplicent_8 directory. Currently this relates most closely to the version 2.1-devel branch.

The Android network daemon netd (source in /system/netd) manages the overall Linux based network configuration listening for commands over a socket interface. There is a Network Daemon Command shell application, ndc that can be used to send/receive commands via command-line.

The wifi legacy module in hardware/hardware_liblegacy/wifi.c implements the API defined in hardware/libhardware_legacy/include/hardware_legacy/wifi.h

Build-time Configuration

The BoardConfig.mk file for your build target defines the details of the configuration of hostapd and wpa_supplicant used in the build process.

The Gateworks Android BSP defines the following:

# wireless device (used by various modules to include per-device support)BOARD_WLAN_DEVICE := wl12xx_mac80211# SupplicantWPA_SUPPLICANT_VERSION := VER_0_8_XBOARD_WPA_SUPPLICANT_PRIVATE_LIB := lib_driver_cmd_wl12xx# skip populating rtl/conf filesSKIP_WPA_SUPPLICANT_RTL := ySKIP_WPA_SUPPLICANT_CONF := y# APHOSTAPD_VERSION                  := VER_0_8_xBOARD_HOSTAPD_DRIVER             := NL80211BOARD_HOSTAPD_PRIVATE_LIB        := lib_driver_cmd_wl12xx

the wl12xx configuration and library are fairly mac80211 compliant and thus should provide support for all mac80211 drivers we include
the 'PRIVATE_LIB's are used when communicating with the driver and allow for easy customization

Additional defines can be used for drivers that require specific kernel modules to be loaded or firmware to be loaded for various operation modes. The actual loading of the modules and firmware is done by wifi.c:

# kernel modulesWIFI_DRIVER_MODULE_PATH - full path of kernel module(s)WIFI_DRIVER_MODULE_NAME - kernel module name (w/o the ko)WIFI_DRIVER_MODULE_ARG - kernel module paramsWIFI_DRIVER_P2P_MODULE_ARG# firmwareWIFI_FIRMWARE_LOADER - firmware loaderWIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_PARAM - params to pass to fw loaderWIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_AP - full path to AP firmwareWIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_STA - full path to STA firmwareWIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_P2P - full path to P2P firmware

Note by default these are all blank or null meaning not used and the Gateworks BSP does not define these meaning it supports wireless devices that either need no module/firmware loading or that it is assumed that was done during init.sh

Android Framework API

The Android framework talks to {{{netd}} via the NetworkManagementService class

The WifiManager class provides the primary API for managing al aspects of Wi-Fi connectivity. To perform operations that pertain to network connectivity at an abstract level use ConnectivityManager which answers queries about the state of network connectivity and notifies applications when network connectivity changes.

The WifiConfiguration class reprsents a configured Wi-Fi network, including the security configuration. Android is not intended to provide a build that is suitable for all wireless devices and you may find that customization via the above is necessary.

Packages

The Android modules/packages required for wireless are:

client mode: wpa_supplicant
access point mode: hostapd hostapd_cli dnsmasq iptables

Firmware and Kernel Module loading

The libhardware_legacy module provides an API used by the Android framework that facilitates kernel module loading, firmware loading, wpa_supplicant service management, and dhcp service management. The module is heavily configurable for specific wireless devices at build-time through:

BoardConfig.mk variables:

# kernel ModuleWIFI_DRIVER_MODULE_NAMEWIFI_DRIVER_MODULE_PATHWIFI_DRIVER_MODULE_ARG# FirmwareWIFI_FIRMWARE_LOADERWIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_STAWIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_APWIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_P2PWIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_PARAM

functions and their native JNI mappings via WifiNative class:
- driver loading/unloading (used by android_net_wifi_WifiNative.cpp)
  - wifi_load_driver() / loadDriver
  - wifi_unload_driver() / unloadDriver
  - is_wifi_driver_loaded() / isDriverLoaded
- supplicant (used by android_net_wifi_WifiNative.cpp)
  - wifi_start_supplicant() / startSupplicant
  - wifi_stop_supplicant() / killSupplicant
  - wifi_connect_to_supplicant() / connectToSupplicantNative
  - wifi_close_supplicant_connection() / closeSupplicantConnectionNative
- configuration (used by android_net_wifi_WifiNative.cpp)
  - wifi_wait_for_event() / waitForEventNative
  - wifi_command() / doBoolenaCommandNative / doIntCommandNative / doStringCommandNative
- DHCP
  - do_dhcp_request()
  - get_dhcp_error_string()
- firmware loading (used by SoftapController.cpp)
  - wifi_get_fw_path()
  - wifi_change_fw_path()
paths for the user-space daemons are stored in wifi.c

Client Mode

Android uses the standard wpa_supplicant users-space daemon for Access Point and authentication management on the client-side.

Configuration

The wpa_supplicant.conf file is stored in /data/misc/wifi/wpa_supplicant.conf and used by the WifiConfigStore class and the SettingsBackupAgent class

Operation

The wpa_supplicant application runs as a backgaround daemon launched by the Android init process. It is communicated with via a socket.

Android UI

You can use Wireless Networking Client support via the Settings App: Settings -> Wi-Fi. You must enable Wi-Fi and configure one or more Wi-Fi networks at which point the NetworkManagementService? will handle the associations.

Android Application

An Application can use Wireless Client mode via the WifiConfiguration class (representing a configured Wi-Fi network including security) and the WifiManager class functions:

setWifiEnabled() - Enable or disable Wi-Fi
getWifiState() - get wi-Fi enabled state
isWifiEnabled() - return whether Wi-Fi is enabled or disabled
startScan() - request a scan for access points
getScanResults() - returnteh results of the latest access point scan

command-line

From a command-line perspective you can manually configure and launch wpa_supplicant if you wish:

# restore default wpa_supplicant.conf and start wpa_supplicant servicecp /system/etc/wifi/wpa_supplicant.conf /data/misc/wifi/wpa_supplicantchmod 660 /data/misc/wifi/wpa_supplicant.confchwon system.wifi /data/misc/wifi/wpa_supplicant.confstart wpa_supplicant

Access Point Mode

Android uses the hostapd users-space daemon for Access Point and authentication management on the AP side. For a DHCP server it uses the typical dnsmasq server.

The hostapd application provides the Access Point management and is managed by the netd SoftapController class which accepts the following commands:

startap - starts hostapd
stopap - stops hostapd
fwreload - reload firmware for specified operating mode
status - returns if AP is running or not
set - configure AP

The dnsmasq application provides a DHCP server and is managed by the netd TetherController class which also manages iptables.

The netd TetherController class accepts the following commands:

which accesps the following commands.

tether stop - stop tethering
tether start - start tethering
tether status - report tether status
tether interface add - add an interface to the tether
tether interface remove - remove an interface from the tether
tether interface list - list tethered interfaces
tether dns set <...> - add 1 or more dns forwarders
tether dns list - list dns forwarders

Network Address Translation (NAT) is provided by the netd NatController class which uses the iptables shell command and accepts the following commands:

nat enable
[
] - enable NAT
- route-rules take the form of: what will be used with the ip tool as: ip rule from table
nat disable - disable NAT

Configuration

The hostapd.conf file is stored in /data/misc/wifi/hostapd.conf and used by the SoftapController class.

The dnsmasq application is launched by netd with all configuration available on the cmdline. It will store lease information in /data/misc/dhcp/dnsmasq.leases

When configuration through the Android UI, the Settings application (Settings -> Wireless & Networks -> More... -> Tethering & portable hotspot -> Set up Wi-Fi hotspot) will store the SSID and Passkey settings in the /data/misc/wifi/softap.conf file which are used to dynamically create /data/misc/wifi/hostapd.conf.

Operation

Unlike other system services that are started from Android's init process, hostapd is started on-demand by the Network Daemon netd via it's !SoftapController class when it receives the softap startap command.

This command is sent to netd when the NetworkManagementService startAccessPoint function is called.

Android UI

From an Android UI perspective, you can enable an Access Point (aka Hotspot) and NAT routing (aka Tethering) via the Settings Application:

Goto Settings -> Wireless & Networks -> More... -> Tethering & portable hotspot -> Set up Wi-Fi hotspot and specify your SSID and security settings

Goto Settings -> Wireless & Networks -> More... -> Tethering & portable hotspot -> Portable Wi-Fi hotspot

Note that enabling the Wi-Fi hotspot via the Settings GUI will not 'stick' and again be enabled on re-boot by design.

Android Application

An application can use the WifiManager class to manage an Access Point:

setWifiApEnabled() - start AP Mode
getWifiApState() - get Wi-Fi AP enabled state
isWifiApEnabled() - return whether Wi-Fi AP is enabled or disabled
getWifiApConfiguration() - get the Wi-Fi AP configuration
setWifiApConfiguration() - set the Wi-Fi AP configuration

If your wireless device requires module or firmware loading, netd will do this as well by calling fwreload using the API defined in hardware/libhardware_legacy/include/wifi.h however note that the firmware load command and patches for each option are a build-time option using paths and arguments defined in BoardConfig.mk. By default these are all blank meaning no firmware or modules will be loaded.

command-line

While you can manage hostapd and dnsmasq IP forwarding, and Network Address Translation manually it is likely much easier to use the API that the Network Daemon netd provides either through the Android java framework via the NetworkManagementService class or via command-line with its command-line interface app netd.

For example, you can use netd to manage an Access Point with Linux NAT Routine (aka a 'Tethered Hotspot') using ncd:

configure Access Point:
```
ndc softap set wlan0 testssid broadcast 11 wpa-psk testpass # config hostapd
```
- the softap set command has the usage: sotfap set
  - /data/misc/wifi/hostapd.conf (which must be writable by netd) will be written to:
```
interface=driver=nl80211ctrl_interface=/data/misc/wifi/hostapdssid=testssidchannel=ieee80211n=1hw_mode=g
```
  - for hidden an 'ignore_broadcast_ssid=1' will be added, for broadcast 'ignore_broadcast_ssid=0'
  - for wpa-psk 'wpa=1, wpa_pairwise=TKIP CCMD, wpa_psk' entries will be added
  - for wpa2-psk 'wpa=2, rsn_pairwise=CCMP, wpa_psk' entries will be added

start the Access Point:
```
ndc softap startap # start hostapd
```
- Note that you can stop the Access Point at any time with ncd softap stopap

configure the wlan0 interface:

ndc interface setcfg wlan0 192.168.43.1 24 up

configure tethering

ndc tether interface add wlan0 # add wlan0 to tetherndc tether dns set 8.8.4.4 8.8.8.8 # add DNS serversndc ipfwd enable # enable IP forwarding

start tether of wlan0 with a specified DHCP pool (.10 to .99 in this case) (runs dnsmasq and configures NAT)
```
ndc tether start 192.168.43.10 192.168.43.99
```

start Network Address Translation (NAT)
```
ndc nat enable wlan0 eth0 0
```

Note that when using Access Point mode, you must not enable Wireless from the Settings Application as this puts the radio in Client mode.

Android(安卓)Wi-Fi — IP forward — ndc — netd

Build-time Configuration

Android Framework API

Packages

Firmware and Kernel Module loading

Client Mode

Configuration

Operation

Android UI

Android Application

command-line

Access Point Mode

Configuration

Operation

Android UI

Android Application

command-line

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