一、前言

  源码分析使用的版本是4.4.2_r1。

  Handler和Looper的入门知识以及讲解可以参考我的另外一篇博客:Android Handler机制

  简单而言:Handler和Looper是对某一个线程实现消息机制的重要组成部分,另外两个重要元素是Message和MessageQueue,通过这四个类,可以让某个线程具备接收、处理消息的能力。

二、源码剖析

  虽然只有四个类,而且这里只是剖析其中两个,但是也不能独立分析,必须组合进行解析。切入点是类Looper的注释中的一段示例代码:

 1 class LooperThread extends Thread { 2      public Handler mHandler; 3  4      public void run() { 5           Looper.prepare(); 6  7           mHandler = new Handler() { 8              public void handleMessage(Message msg) { 9                  // process incoming messages here10               }11          };12          Looper.loop();13      }14 }

  这段代码描述了如何将一个普通的线程转变为一个Looper线程,即让它具备消息的循环处理能力。我们从Looper入手,看看这里到底做了什么。

代码一:

 1 /** Initialize the current thread as a looper. 2       * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference 3       * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call 4       * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling 5       * {@link #quit()}. 6       */ 7     public static void prepare() { 8         prepare(true); 9     }10 11     private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {12         if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {13             throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");14         }15         sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));16     }

  这里展示的是Looper的静态方法,即prepare(),前面代码中第5行调用。

  第13行可以看到一个运行时异常,其打印信息翻译为:每一个线程只允许拥有一个Looper,而且判断条件中用到ThreadLocal对象,如果不明白这是什么,可以参考我的另外一篇博客:深入理解ThreadLocal。总之,第一次调换用这个方法并且之前没有调用过,则会调用第15行的代码,这里实例化了一个Looper对象,其构造方法如下:

代码二:

1 private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {2      mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);3      mThread = Thread.currentThread();4 }

  第2行初始化了一个MessageQueue,顾名思义,就是为Looper创建绑定了一个消息队列。

  第3行则获取当前线程,即调用Looper的线程。这样即可将Looper绑定到一个线程上,同时为一个线程创建一个消息队列。

  在消息机制里面,Looper只是负责管理消息队列,也就是取出消息进行处理,而Handler则是负责发送消息以及处理消息的,那么Handler和Looper又是如何绑定到一起的呢?看切入点里面的7-11行,这里做了什么呢?下面的分析涉及到Looper中的几个方法,这里插入分析一下:

代码三:

 1 /** 2      * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns 3      * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper. 4      */ 5     public static Looper myLooper() { 6         return sThreadLocal.get(); 7     } 8  9     /** Returns the application's main looper, which lives in the main thread of the application.10      */11     public static Looper getMainLooper() {12         synchronized (Looper.class) {13             return sMainLooper;14         }15     }

  很明显可以看到myLooper是获取属于当前线程的Looper,而getMainLooper则是获取应用的主Looper,它由属性sMainLooper引用,其赋值过程如下。

代码四:

 1     /** 2      * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an 3      * application's main looper. The main looper for your application 4      * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need 5      * to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()} 6      */ 7     public static void prepareMainLooper() { 8         prepare(false); 9         synchronized (Looper.class) {10             if (sMainLooper != null) {11                 throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");12             }13             sMainLooper = myLooper();14         }15     }

  注释中说到,这个方法不应该由程序员自己调用,我猜测这个方法应该是在应用启动的时候,由属于应用的第一个线程调用,之后如果再次调用,就会抛出异常了,因为sMainLooper实际上是一个static变量,也就是说它是属于整个应用的。

  准备完毕,现在回到主题,

代码五:

 1     /** 2      * Default constructor associates this handler with the {@link Looper} for the 3      * current thread. 4      * 5      * If this thread does not have a looper, this handler won't be able to receive messages 6      * so an exception is thrown. 7      */ 8     public Handler() { 9         this(null, false);10     }11     /**12      * Use the {@link Looper} for the current thread with the specified callback interface13      * and set whether the handler should be asynchronous.14      *15      * Handlers are synchronous by default unless this constructor is used to make16      * one that is strictly asynchronous.17      *18      * Asynchronous messages represent interrupts or events that do not require global ordering19      * with represent to synchronous messages.  Asynchronous messages are not subject to20      * the synchronization barriers introduced by {@link MessageQueue#enqueueSyncBarrier(long)}.21      *22      * @param callback The callback interface in which to handle messages, or null.23      * @param async If true, the handler calls {@link Message#setAsynchronous(boolean)} for24      * each {@link Message} that is sent to it or {@link Runnable} that is posted to it.25      *26      * @hide27      */28     public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {29         if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {30             final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();31             if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&32                     (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {33                 Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +34                     klass.getCanonicalName());35             }36         }37 38         mLooper = Looper.myLooper();39         if (mLooper == null) {40             throw new RuntimeException(41                 "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");42         }43         mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;44         mCallback = callback;45         mAsynchronous = async;46     }

  重点在于39-43行。第38行调用myLooper()方法获取属于本线程的Looper,如果你在这之前没有调用Looper.prepare()方法,则会返回null,此时就会抛出异常,要求你在这之前调用Looper.prepare()方法。而平时我们在主线程中使用Handler的时候,并不需要调用Looper.prepare()方法,这是因为主线程默认绑定一个Looper。

  接下去43行则是获取Looper的消息队列。

  除了这种简单的创建方式之外,Handler也还有别的创建方式,比如:

代码六:

 1     /** 2      * Use the provided {@link Looper} instead of the default one and take a callback 3      * interface in which to handle messages.  Also set whether the handler 4      * should be asynchronous. 5      * 6      * Handlers are synchronous by default unless this constructor is used to make 7      * one that is strictly asynchronous. 8      * 9      * Asynchronous messages represent interrupts or events that do not require global ordering10      * with represent to synchronous messages.  Asynchronous messages are not subject to11      * the synchronization barriers introduced by {@link MessageQueue#enqueueSyncBarrier(long)}.12      *13      * @param looper The looper, must not be null.14      * @param callback The callback interface in which to handle messages, or null.15      * @param async If true, the handler calls {@link Message#setAsynchronous(boolean)} for16      * each {@link Message} that is sent to it or {@link Runnable} that is posted to it.17      *18      * @hide19      */20     public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {21         mLooper = looper;22         mQueue = looper.mQueue;23         mCallback = callback;24         mAsynchronous = async;25     }

  这里传入了一个Looper,而mLooper的赋值不是获取当前线程的Looper,而是直接取用该looper,这引起一个怀疑:一个Looper(或者说一个线程,因为是线程和Looper是一一对应的关系)可以绑定不止一个Handler,因为很明显我可以用一个Looper通过上述构造方法传入到不同的Handler中去,那么自然而然又想到一个问题:Handler是用于发送和处理消息的,那么当一个Looper绑定多个Handler的时候,发送来的消息肯定都是存储在Looper的消息队列中的,那么处理消息的时候,是怎么处理的呢?每一个Handler都处理一遍么?继续看源码,首先看发送消息的函数:

代码七:

 1     public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg) 2     { 3         return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0); 4     } 5  6     public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what) 7     { 8         return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0); 9     }10 11     public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {12         Message msg = Message.obtain();13         msg.what = what;14         return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);15     }16 17     public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) {18         Message msg = Message.obtain();19         msg.what = what;20         return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis);21     }22 23     public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)24     {25         if (delayMillis < 0) {26             delayMillis = 0;27         }28         return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);29     }30 31     /**32      * Enqueue a message into the message queue after all pending messages33      * before the absolute time (in milliseconds) <var>uptimeMillis</var>.34      * <b>The time-base is {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis}.</b>35      * You will receive it in {@link #handleMessage}, in the thread attached36      * to this handler.37      * 38      * @param uptimeMillis The absolute time at which the message should be39      *         delivered, using the40      *         {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis} time-base.41      *         42      * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the 43      *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the44      *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.  Note that a45      *         result of true does not mean the message will be processed -- if46      *         the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message47      *         occurs then the message will be dropped.48      */49     public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {50         MessageQueue queue = mQueue;51         if (queue == null) {52             RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(53                     this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");54             Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);55             return false;56         }57         return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);58     }

  为了清晰,前面的方法全部都去掉了注释,只剩下最后一个方法,我们看到,往消息队列中添加消息,最后调用的是方法enqueueMessage。其实现如下:

代码八:

1     private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {2         msg.target = this;3         if (mAsynchronous) {4             msg.setAsynchronous(true);5         }6         return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);7     }

  方法的最后调用了MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法,从上面的流程可以看到,queue其实就是从mLooper中取出的MessgaeQueue。最终到了这里,消息可以通过Handler顺利压入绑定的Looper中的MessageQueue中去了。接下去就是消息的处理。这里需回到Looper中去,因为循环取出消息进行处理是Looper的工作。

  前面切入点代码中可以看到,在调用Looper.prepare()方法,实例化Handler之后,还有一个方法需要调用,即Looper.loop()方法。

代码九:

 1  /** 2      * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call 3      * {@link #quit()} to end the loop. 4      */ 5     public static void loop() { 6         final Looper me = myLooper(); 7         if (me == null) { 8             throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread."); 9         }10         final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;11 12         // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,13         // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.14         Binder.clearCallingIdentity();15         final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();16 17         for (;;) {18             Message msg = queue.next(); // might block19             if (msg == null) {20                 // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.21                 return;22             }23 24             // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger25             Printer logging = me.mLogging;26             if (logging != null) {27                 logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +28                         msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);29             }30 31             msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);32 33             if (logging != null) {34                 logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);35             }36 37             // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the38             // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.39             final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();40             if (ident != newIdent) {41                 Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"42                         + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"43                         + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "44                         + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "45                         + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);46             }47 48             msg.recycle();49         }50     }

  前面6-16行就不多解释了,关键看17行,这里是一个死循环,无限循环表示从队列中获取消息;第18行也很关键,这里调用MessageQueue的next方法获取下一个消息,很重要的地方在于注释:might block。可能会阻塞!如果不注意这一点,很可能就会误认为调用该方法,因为当时队列中还没有消息,所以就会执行第21行,直接返回了,而看到这个注释,再加上第20-22行的代码,我们容易猜测,MessageQueue通过在next()方法中返回null来表示整个队列的取消,从而终结消息机制,OK,不多说,言归正传,这一段代码最重要的是看31行:msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);这行代码预示着如何处理消息!

  每一个Message都有一个target属性,该属性的声明如下:

1    /*package*/ Handler target;  

  没错,是Handler类型!反观代码,在代码八的第2行,有一行很重要的代码被忽视了:

1 msg.target = this;

  在Handler发送没一个消息进入队列之前,都会将其target设置为自己。从这里就可以看到之前那个问题(红色部分)的答案,消息是交给发送它的Handler处理的!接下来自然要去看的是Handler的dispatchMessage方法:

 1 /** 2      * Handle system messages here. 3      */ 4     public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) { 5         if (msg.callback != null) { 6             handleCallback(msg); 7         } else { 8             if (mCallback != null) { 9                 if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {10                     return;11                 }12             }13             handleMessage(msg);14         }15     }

  注释即说明它是处理消息的,在这里可以进行一些回调,这里不说明。主要看第13行,调用了handleMessage()方法,其实现如下:

代码十一:

1 /**2      * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.3      */4     public void handleMessage(Message msg) {5     }

  终于到这一步了!注释中就能看到,我们在实例化Handler的子类的时候,是需要重载这个方法的,否则你的消息不会得到处理,实现参见切入点8-11行!具体使用可以参见我的博客Android Handler机制。

三、总结

  源码剖析中,主要关注的对象是:Thread,Handler,Looper三个重量级对象是如何绑定到一起的,以及消息是如何在Handler和Looper中存在和传播的,从源码中看这个过程非常清楚。其实整个设计并没有什么新奇的技巧,但是设计非常合理,值得借鉴。

  下一篇博客会去探索一下MessageQueue,关于MessageQueue如何管理消息,和Looper一起实现延迟消息,我非常感兴趣。

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