Graphics architecture
- Android Open Source Project
- Android.com
- Android Developers
Graphics architecture
In this document
- BufferQueue and gralloc
- gralloc HAL
- SurfaceFlinger and Hardware Composer
- Hardware Composer
- The Need for Triple-Buffering
- Virtual Displays
- Case study: screenrecord
- Case study: Simulate Secondary Displays
- Surface and SurfaceHolder
- Canvas Rendering
- SurfaceHolder
- EGLSurface and OpenGL ES
- ANativeWindow
- SurfaceView and GLSurfaceView
- Composition and the Hardware Scaler
- GLSurfaceView
- SurfaceTexture
- SurfaceTexture and Surface
- Case Study: Grafika's "Continuous Capture" Activity
- TextureView
- SurfaceView or TextureView?
- Case Study: Grafika's Play Video (TextureView)
- Case Study: Grafika's Double Decode
- Conclusion
- Appendix A: Game Loops
- Queue Stuffing
- Choreographer
- Thread Management
- Appendix B: SurfaceView and the Activity Lifecycle
- Appendix C: Tracking BufferQueue with systrace
What every developer should know about Surface, SurfaceHolder, EGLSurface,SurfaceView, GLSurfaceView, SurfaceTexture, TextureView, and SurfaceFlinger
This document describes the essential elements of Android's "system-level" graphics architecture, and how it is used by the application framework and multimedia system. The focus is on how buffers of graphical data move through the system. If you've ever wondered why SurfaceView and TextureView behave the way they do, or how Surface and EGLSurface interact, you've come to the rightplace.
Some familiarity with Android devices and application development is assumed.You don't need detailed knowledge of the app framework, and very few API callswill be mentioned, but the material herein doesn't overlap much with otherpublic documentation. The goal here is to provide a sense for the significantevents involved in rendering a frame for output, so that you can make informedchoices when designing an application. To achieve this, we work from the bottomup, describing how the UI classes work rather than how they can be used.
Early sections contain background material used in later sections, so it's agood idea to read straight through rather than skipping to a section that soundsinteresting. We start with an explanation of Android's graphics buffers,describe the composition and display mechanism, and then proceed to thehigher-level mechanisms that supply the compositor with data.
This document is chiefly concerned with the system as it exists in Android 4.4("KitKat"). Earlier versions of the system worked differently, and futureversions will likely be different as well. Version-specific features are calledout in a few places.
At various points I will refer to source code from the AOSP sources or fromGrafika. Grafika is a Google open source project for testing; it can be found athttps://github.com/google/grafika.It's more "quick hack" than solid example code, but it will suffice.
BufferQueue and gralloc
To understand how Android's graphics system works, we have to start behind thescenes. At the heart of everything graphical in Android is a class calledBufferQueue. Its role is simple enough: connect something that generatesbuffers of graphical data (the "producer") to something that accepts the datafor display or further processing (the "consumer"). The producer and consumercan live in different processes. Nearly everything that moves buffers ofgraphical data through the system relies on BufferQueue.
The basic usage is straightforward. The producer requests a free buffer(dequeueBuffer()), specifying a set of characteristics including width,height, pixel format, and usage flags. The producer populates the buffer andreturns it to the queue (queueBuffer()). Some time later, the consumeracquires the buffer (acquireBuffer()) and makes use of the buffer contents.When the consumer is done, it returns the buffer to the queue(releaseBuffer()).
Most recent Android devices support the "sync framework". This allows thesystem to do some nifty thing when combined with hardware components that canmanipulate graphics data asynchronously. For example, a producer can submit aseries of OpenGL ES drawing commands and then enqueue the output buffer beforerendering completes. The buffer is accompanied by a fence that signals when thecontents are ready. A second fence accompanies the buffer when it is returnedto the free list, so that the consumer can release the buffer while the contentsare still in use. This approach improves latency and throughput as the buffersmove through the system.
Some characteristics of the queue, such as the maximum number of buffers it canhold, are determined jointly by the producer and the consumer.
The BufferQueue is responsible for allocating buffers as it needs them. Buffersare retained unless the characteristics change; for example, if the producerstarts requesting buffers with a different size, the old buffers will be freedand new buffers will be allocated on demand.
The data structure is currently always created and "owned" by the consumer. InAndroid 4.3 only the producer side was "binderized", i.e. the producer could bein a remote process but the consumer had to live in the process where the queuewas created. This evolved a bit in 4.4, moving toward a more generalimplementation.
Buffer contents are never copied by BufferQueue. Moving that much data aroundwould be very inefficient. Instead, buffers are always passed by handle.
gralloc HAL
The actual buffer allocations are performed through a memory allocator called"gralloc", which is implemented through a vendor-specific HAL interface (seehardware/libhardware/include/hardware/gralloc.h).The alloc() function takes the arguments you'd expect -- width,height, pixel format -- as well as a set of usage flags. Those flags meritcloser attention.
The gralloc allocator is not just another way to allocate memory on the nativeheap. In some situations, the allocated memory may not be cache-coherent, orcould be totally inaccessible from user space. The nature of the allocation isdetermined by the usage flags, which include attributes like:
- how often the memory will be accessed from software (CPU)
- how often the memory will be accessed from hardware (GPU)
- whether the memory will be used as an OpenGL ES ("GLES") texture
- whether the memory will be used by a video encoder
For example, if your format specifies RGBA 8888 pixels, and you indicatethe buffer will be accessed from software -- meaning your application will touchpixels directly -- then the allocator needs to create a buffer with 4 bytes perpixel in R-G-B-A order. If instead you say the buffer will only beaccessed from hardware and as a GLES texture, the allocator can do anything theGLES driver wants -- BGRA ordering, non-linear "swizzled" layouts, alternativecolor formats, etc. Allowing the hardware to use its preferred format canimprove performance.
Some values cannot be combined on certain platforms. For example, the "videoencoder" flag may require YUV pixels, so adding "software access" and specifyingRGBA 8888 would fail.
The handle returned by the gralloc allocator can be passed between processesthrough Binder.
SurfaceFlinger and Hardware Composer
Having buffers of graphical data is wonderful, but life is even better when youget to see them on your device's screen. That's where SurfaceFlinger and theHardware Composer HAL come in.
SurfaceFlinger's role is to accept buffers of data from multiple sources,composite them, and send them to the display. Once upon a time this was donewith software blitting to a hardware framebuffer (e.g./dev/graphics/fb0), but those days are long gone.
When an app comes to the foreground, the WindowManager service asksSurfaceFlinger for a drawing surface. SurfaceFlinger creates a "layer" - theprimary component of which is a BufferQueue - for which SurfaceFlinger acts asthe consumer. A Binder object for the producer side is passed through theWindowManager to the app, which can then start sending frames directly toSurfaceFlinger.
Note: The WindowManager uses the term "window" instead of"layer" for this and uses "layer" to mean something else. We're going to use theSurfaceFlinger terminology. It can be argued that SurfaceFlinger should reallybe called LayerFlinger.
For most apps, there will be three layers on screen at any time: the "statusbar" at the top of the screen, the "navigation bar" at the bottom or side, andthe application's UI. Some apps will have more or less, e.g. the default home app has aseparate layer for the wallpaper, while a full-screen game might hide the statusbar. Each layer can be updated independently. The status and navigation barsare rendered by a system process, while the app layers are rendered by the app,with no coordination between the two.
Device displays refresh at a certain rate, typically 60 frames per second onphones and tablets. If the display contents are updated mid-refresh, "tearing"will be visible; so it's important to update the contents only between cycles.The system receives a signal from the display when it's safe to update thecontents. For historical reasons we'll call this the VSYNC signal.
The refresh rate may vary over time, e.g. some mobile devices will range from 58to 62fps depending on current conditions. For an HDMI-attached television, thiscould theoretically dip to 24 or 48Hz to match a video. Because we can updatethe screen only once per refresh cycle, submitting buffers for display at200fps would be a waste of effort as most of the frames would never be seen.Instead of taking action whenever an app submits a buffer, SurfaceFlinger wakesup when the display is ready for something new.
When the VSYNC signal arrives, SurfaceFlinger walks through its list of layerslooking for new buffers. If it finds a new one, it acquires it; if not, itcontinues to use the previously-acquired buffer. SurfaceFlinger always wants tohave something to display, so it will hang on to one buffer. If no buffers haveever been submitted on a layer, the layer is ignored.
Once SurfaceFlinger has collected all of the buffers for visible layers, itasks the Hardware Composer how composition should be performed.
Hardware Composer
The Hardware Composer HAL ("HWC") was first introduced in Android 3.0("Honeycomb") and has evolved steadily over the years. Its primary purpose isto determine the most efficient way to composite buffers with the availablehardware. As a HAL, its implementation is device-specific and usuallyimplemented by the display hardware OEM.
The value of this approach is easy to recognize when you consider "overlayplanes." The purpose of overlay planes is to composite multiple bufferstogether, but in the display hardware rather than the GPU. For example, supposeyou have a typical Android phone in portrait orientation, with the status bar ontop and navigation bar at the bottom, and app content everywhere else. The contentsfor each layer are in separate buffers. You could handle composition byrendering the app content into a scratch buffer, then rendering the status barover it, then rendering the navigation bar on top of that, and finally passing thescratch buffer to the display hardware. Or, you could pass all three buffers tothe display hardware, and tell it to read data from different buffers fordifferent parts of the screen. The latter approach can be significantly moreefficient.
As you might expect, the capabilities of different display processors varysignificantly. The number of overlays, whether layers can be rotated orblended, and restrictions on positioning and overlap can be difficult to expressthrough an API. So, the HWC works like this:
- SurfaceFlinger provides the HWC with a full list of layers, and asks, "how doyou want to handle this?"
- The HWC responds by marking each layer as "overlay" or "GLES composition."
- SurfaceFlinger takes care of any GLES composition, passing the output bufferto HWC, and lets HWC handle the rest.
Since the decision-making code can be custom tailored by the hardware vendor,it's possible to get the best performance out of every device.
Overlay planes may be less efficient than GL composition when nothing on thescreen is changing. This is particularly true when the overlay contents havetransparent pixels, and overlapping layers are being blended together. In suchcases, the HWC can choose to request GLES composition for some or all layersand retain the composited buffer. If SurfaceFlinger comes back again asking tocomposite the same set of buffers, the HWC can just continue to show thepreviously-composited scratch buffer. This can improve the battery life of anidle device.
Devices shipping with Android 4.4 ("KitKat") typically support four overlayplanes. Attempting to composite more layers than there are overlays will causethe system to use GLES composition for some of them; so the number of layersused by an application can have a measurable impact on power consumption andperformance.
You can see exactly what SurfaceFlinger is up to with the command adb shelldumpsys SurfaceFlinger. The output is verbose. The part most relevant to ourcurrent discussion is the HWC summary that appears near the bottom of theoutput:
type | source crop | frame name------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------- HWC | [ 0.0, 0.0, 320.0, 240.0] | [ 48, 411, 1032, 1149] SurfaceView HWC | [ 0.0, 75.0, 1080.0, 1776.0] | [ 0, 75, 1080, 1776] com.android.grafika/com.android.grafika.PlayMovieSurfaceActivity HWC | [ 0.0, 0.0, 1080.0, 75.0] | [ 0, 0, 1080, 75] StatusBar HWC | [ 0.0, 0.0, 1080.0, 144.0] | [ 0, 1776, 1080, 1920] NavigationBar FB TARGET | [ 0.0, 0.0, 1080.0, 1920.0] | [ 0, 0, 1080, 1920] HWC_FRAMEBUFFER_TARGET
This tells you what layers are on screen, whether they're being handled withoverlays ("HWC") or OpenGL ES composition ("GLES"), and gives you a bunch ofother facts you probably won't care about ("handle" and "hints" and "flags" andother stuff that we've trimmed out of the snippet above). The "source crop" and"frame" values will be examined more closely later on.
The FB_TARGET layer is where GLES composition output goes. Since all layersshown above are using overlays, FB_TARGET isn’t being used for this frame. Thelayer's name is indicative of its original role: On a device with/dev/graphics/fb0 and no overlays, all composition would be donewith GLES, and the output would be written to the framebuffer. On recent devices theregenerally is no simple framebuffer, so the FB_TARGET layer is a scratch buffer.
Note: This is why screen grabbers written for old versions of Android nolonger work: They're trying to read from the Framebuffer, but there is no suchthing.
The overlay planes have another important role: they're the only way to displayDRM content. DRM-protected buffers cannot be accessed by SurfaceFlinger or theGLES driver, which means that your video will disappear if HWC switches to GLEScomposition.
The Need for Triple-Buffering
To avoid tearing on the display, the system needs to be double-buffered: thefront buffer is displayed while the back buffer is being prepared. At VSYNC, ifthe back buffer is ready, you quickly switch them. This works reasonably wellin a system where you're drawing directly into the framebuffer, but there's ahitch in the flow when a composition step is added. Because of the waySurfaceFlinger is triggered, our double-buffered pipeline will have a bubble.
Suppose frame N is being displayed, and frame N+1 has been acquired bySurfaceFlinger for display on the next VSYNC. (Assume frame N is compositedwith an overlay, so we can't alter the buffer contents until the display is donewith it.) When VSYNC arrives, HWC flips the buffers. While the app is startingto render frame N+2 into the buffer that used to hold frame N, SurfaceFlinger isscanning the layer list, looking for updates. SurfaceFlinger won't find any newbuffers, so it prepares to show frame N+1 again after the next VSYNC. A littlewhile later, the app finishes rendering frame N+2 and queues it forSurfaceFlinger, but it's too late. This has effectively cut our maximum framerate in half.
We can fix this with triple-buffering. Just before VSYNC, frame N is beingdisplayed, frame N+1 has been composited (or scheduled for an overlay) and isready to be displayed, and frame N+2 is queued up and ready to be acquired bySurfaceFlinger. When the screen flips, the buffers rotate through the stageswith no bubble. The app has just less than a full VSYNC period (16.7ms at 60fps) todo its rendering and queue the buffer. And SurfaceFlinger / HWC has a full VSYNCperiod to figure out the composition before the next flip. The downside isthat it takes at least two VSYNC periods for anything that the app does toappear on the screen. As the latency increases, the device feels lessresponsive to touch input.
Figure 1. SurfaceFlinger + BufferQueue
The diagram above depicts the flow of SurfaceFlinger and BufferQueue. Duringframe:
- red buffer fills up, then slides into BufferQueue
- after red buffer leaves app, blue buffer slides in, replacing it
- green buffer and systemUI* shadow-slide into HWC (showing that SurfaceFlingerstill has the buffers, but now HWC has prepared them for display via overlay onthe next VSYNC).
The blue buffer is referenced by both the display and the BufferQueue. Theapp is not allowed to render to it until the associated sync fence signals.
On VSYNC, all of these happen at once:
- red buffer leaps into SurfaceFlinger, replacing green buffer
- green buffer leaps into Display, replacing blue buffer, and a dotted-linegreen twin appears in the BufferQueue
- the blue buffer’s fence is signaled, and the blue buffer in App empties**
- display rect changes from
to
* - The System UI process is providing the status and navbars, which for our purposes here aren’t changing, so SurfaceFlinger keeps usingthe previously-acquired buffer. In practice there would be two separatebuffers, one for the status bar at the top, one for the navigation bar at thebottom, and they would be sized to fit their contents. Each would arrive on itsown BufferQueue.
** - The buffer doesn’t actually “empty”; if you submit itwithout drawing on it you’ll get that same blue again. The emptying is theresult of clearing the buffer contents, which the app should do before it startsdrawing.
We can reduce the latency by noting layer composition should not require afull VSYNC period. If composition is performed by overlays, it takes essentiallyzero CPU and GPU time. But we can't count on that, so we need to allow a littletime. If the app starts rendering halfway between VSYNC signals, andSurfaceFlinger defers the HWC setup until a few milliseconds before the signalis due to arrive, we can cut the latency from 2 frames to perhaps 1.5. Intheory you could render and composite in a single period, allowing a return todouble-buffering; but getting it down that far is difficult on current devices.Minor fluctuations in rendering and composition time, and switching fromoverlays to GLES composition, can cause us to miss a swap deadline and repeatthe previous frame.
SurfaceFlinger's buffer handling demonstrates the fence-based buffermanagement mentioned earlier. If we're animating at full speed, we need tohave an acquired buffer for the display ("front") and an acquired buffer forthe next flip ("back"). If we're showing the buffer on an overlay, thecontents are being accessed directly by the display and must not be touched.But if you look at an active layer's BufferQueue state in the dumpsysSurfaceFlinger output, you'll see one acquired buffer, one queued buffer, andone free buffer. That's because, when SurfaceFlinger acquires the new "back"buffer, it releases the current "front" buffer to the queue. The "front"buffer is still in use by the display, so anything that dequeues it must waitfor the fence to signal before drawing on it. So long as everybody followsthe fencing rules, all of the queue-management IPC requests can happen inparallel with the display.
Virtual Displays
SurfaceFlinger supports a "primary" display, i.e. what's built into your phoneor tablet, and an "external" display, such as a television connected throughHDMI. It also supports a number of "virtual" displays, which make compositedoutput available within the system. Virtual displays can be used to record thescreen or send it over a network.
Virtual displays may share the same set of layers as the main display(the "layer stack") or have its own set. There is no VSYNC for a virtualdisplay, so the VSYNC for the primary display is used to trigger composition forall displays.
In the past, virtual displays were always composited with GLES. The HardwareComposer managed composition for only the primary display. In Android 4.4, theHardware Composer gained the ability to participate in virtual displaycomposition.
As you might expect, the frames generated for a virtual display are written to aBufferQueue.
Case study: screenrecord
Now that we've established some background on BufferQueue and SurfaceFlinger,it's useful to examine a practical use case.
The screenrecordcommand,introduced in Android 4.4, allows you to record everything that appears on thescreen as an .mp4 file on disk. To implement this, we have to receive compositedframes from SurfaceFlinger, write them to the video encoder, and then write theencoded video data to a file. The video codecs are managed by a separateprocess - called "mediaserver" - so we have to move large graphics buffers aroundthe system. To make it more challenging, we're trying to record 60fps video atfull resolution. The key to making this work efficiently is BufferQueue.
The MediaCodec class allows an app to provide data as raw bytes in buffers, orthrough a Surface. We'll discuss Surface in more detail later, but for now justthink of it as a wrapper around the producer end of a BufferQueue. Whenscreenrecord requests access to a video encoder, mediaserver creates aBufferQueue and connects itself to the consumer side, and then passes theproducer side back to screenrecord as a Surface.
The screenrecord command then asks SurfaceFlinger to create a virtual displaythat mirrors the main display (i.e. it has all of the same layers), and directsit to send output to the Surface that came from mediaserver. Note that, in thiscase, SurfaceFlinger is the producer of buffers rather than the consumer.
Once the configuration is complete, screenrecord can just sit and wait forencoded data to appear. As apps draw, their buffers travel to SurfaceFlinger,which composites them into a single buffer that gets sent directly to the videoencoder in mediaserver. The full frames are never even seen by the screenrecordprocess. Internally, mediaserver has its own way of moving buffers around thatalso passes data by handle, minimizing overhead.
Case study: Simulate Secondary Displays
The WindowManager can ask SurfaceFlinger to create a visible layer for whichSurfaceFlinger will act as the BufferQueue consumer. It's also possible to askSurfaceFlinger to create a virtual display, for which SurfaceFlinger will act asthe BufferQueue producer. What happens if you connect them, configuring avirtual display that renders to a visible layer?
You create a closed loop, where the composited screen appears in a window. Ofcourse, that window is now part of the composited output, so on the next refreshthe composited image inside the window will show the window contents as well.It's turtles all the way down. You can see this in action by enabling"Developer options" insettings, selecting "Simulate secondary displays", and enabling a window. Forbonus points, use screenrecord to capture the act of enabling the display, thenplay it back frame-by-frame.
Surface and SurfaceHolder
The Surfaceclass has been part of the public API since 1.0. Its description simply says,"Handle onto a raw buffer that is being managed by the screen compositor." Thestatement was accurate when initially written but falls well short of the markon a modern system.
The Surface represents the producer side of a buffer queue that is often (butnot always!) consumed by SurfaceFlinger. When you render onto a Surface, theresult ends up in a buffer that gets shipped to the consumer. A Surface is notsimply a raw chunk of memory you can scribble on.
The BufferQueue for a display Surface is typically configured fortriple-buffering; but buffers are allocated on demand. So if the producergenerates buffers slowly enough -- maybe it's animating at 30fps on a 60fpsdisplay -- there might only be two allocated buffers in the queue. This helpsminimize memory consumption. You can see a summary of the buffers associatedwith every layer in the dumpsys SurfaceFlinger output.
Canvas Rendering
Once upon a time, all rendering was done in software, and you can still do thistoday. The low-level implementation is provided by the Skia graphics library.If you want to draw a rectangle, you make a library call, and it sets bytes in abuffer appropriately. To ensure that a buffer isn't updated by two clients atonce, or written to while being displayed, you have to lock the buffer to accessit. lockCanvas() locks the buffer and returns a Canvas to use for drawing,and unlockCanvasAndPost() unlocks the buffer and sends it to the compositor.
As time went on, and devices with general-purpose 3D engines appeared, Androidreoriented itself around OpenGL ES. However, it was important to keep the oldAPI working, for apps as well as app framework code, so an effort was made tohardware-accelerate the Canvas API. As you can see from the charts on theHardwareAccelerationpage, this was a bit of a bumpy ride. Note in particular that while the Canvasprovided to a View's onDraw() method may be hardware-accelerated, the Canvasobtained when an app locks a Surface directly with lockCanvas() never is.
When you lock a Surface for Canvas access, the "CPU renderer" connects to theproducer side of the BufferQueue and does not disconnect until the Surface isdestroyed. Most other producers (like GLES) can be disconnected and reconnectedto a Surface, but the Canvas-based "CPU renderer" cannot. This means you can'tdraw on a surface with GLES or send it frames from a video decoder if you'veever locked it for a Canvas.
The first time the producer requests a buffer from a BufferQueue, it isallocated and initialized to zeroes. Initialization is necessary to avoidinadvertently sharing data between processes. When you re-use a buffer,however, the previous contents will still be present. If you repeatedly calllockCanvas() and unlockCanvasAndPost() withoutdrawing anything, you'll cycle between previously-rendered frames.
The Surface lock/unlock code keeps a reference to the previously-renderedbuffer. If you specify a dirty region when locking the Surface, it will copythe non-dirty pixels from the previous buffer. There's a fair chance the bufferwill be handled by SurfaceFlinger or HWC; but since we need to only read fromit, there's no need to wait for exclusive access.
The main non-Canvas way for an application to draw directly on a Surface isthrough OpenGL ES. That's described in the EGLSurface andOpenGL ES section.
SurfaceHolder
Some things that work with Surfaces want a SurfaceHolder, notably SurfaceView.The original idea was that Surface represented the raw compositor-managedbuffer, while SurfaceHolder was managed by the app and kept track ofhigher-level information like the dimensions and format. The Java-languagedefinition mirrors the underlying native implementation. It's arguably nolonger useful to split it this way, but it has long been part of the public API.
Generally speaking, anything having to do with a View will involve aSurfaceHolder. Some other APIs, such as MediaCodec, will operate on the Surfaceitself. You can easily get the Surface from the SurfaceHolder, so hang on tothe latter when you have it.
APIs to get and set Surface parameters, such as the size and format, areimplemented through SurfaceHolder.
EGLSurface and OpenGL ES
OpenGL ES defines an API for rendering graphics. It does not define a windowingsystem. To allow GLES to work on a variety of platforms, it is designed to becombined with a library that knows how to create and access windows through theoperating system. The library used for Android is called EGL. If you want todraw textured polygons, you use GLES calls; if you want to put your rendering onthe screen, you use EGL calls.
Before you can do anything with GLES, you need to create a GL context. In EGL,this means creating an EGLContext and an EGLSurface. GLES operations apply tothe current context, which is accessed through thread-local storage rather thanpassed around as an argument. This means you have to be careful about whichthread your rendering code executes on, and which context is current on thatthread.
The EGLSurface can be an off-screen buffer allocated by EGL (called a "pbuffer")or a window allocated by the operating system. EGL window surfaces are createdwith the eglCreateWindowSurface() call. It takes a "window object" as anargument, which on Android can be a SurfaceView, a SurfaceTexture, aSurfaceHolder, or a Surface -- all of which have a BufferQueue underneath. Whenyou make this call, EGL creates a new EGLSurface object, and connects it to theproducer interface of the window object's BufferQueue. From that point onward,rendering to that EGLSurface results in a buffer being dequeued, rendered into,and queued for use by the consumer. (The term "window" is indicative of theexpected use, but bear in mind the output might not be destined to appearon the display.)
EGL does not provide lock/unlock calls. Instead, you issue drawing commands andthen call eglSwapBuffers() to submit the current frame. Themethod name comes from the traditional swap of front and back buffers, but the actualimplementation may be very different.
Only one EGLSurface can be associated with a Surface at a time -- you can haveonly one producer connected to a BufferQueue -- but if you destroy theEGLSurface it will disconnect from the BufferQueue and allow something else toconnect.
A given thread can switch between multiple EGLSurfaces by changing what's"current." An EGLSurface must be current on only one thread at a time.
The most common mistake when thinking about EGLSurface is assuming that it isjust another aspect of Surface (like SurfaceHolder). It's a related butindependent concept. You can draw on an EGLSurface that isn't backed by aSurface, and you can use a Surface without EGL. EGLSurface just gives GLES aplace to draw.
ANativeWindow
The public Surface class is implemented in the Java programming language. Theequivalent in C/C++ is the ANativeWindow class, semi-exposed by the Android NDK. Youcan get the ANativeWindow from a Surface with the ANativeWindow_fromSurface()call. Just like its Java-language cousin, you can lock it, render in software,and unlock-and-post.
To create an EGL window surface from native code, you pass an instance ofEGLNativeWindowType to eglCreateWindowSurface(). EGLNativeWindowType is justa synonym for ANativeWindow, so you can freely cast one to the other.
The fact that the basic "native window" type just wraps the producer side of aBufferQueue should not come as a surprise.
SurfaceView and GLSurfaceView
Now that we've explored the lower-level components, it's time to see how theyfit into the higher-level components that apps are built from.
The Android app framework UI is based on a hierarchy of objects that start withView. Most of the details don't matter for this discussion, but it's helpful tounderstand that UI elements go through a complicated measurement and layoutprocess that fits them into a rectangular area. All visible View objects arerendered to a SurfaceFlinger-created Surface that was set up by theWindowManager when the app was brought to the foreground. The layout andrendering is performed on the app's UI thread.
Regardless of how many Layouts and Views you have, everything gets rendered intoa single buffer. This is true whether or not the Views are hardware-accelerated.
A SurfaceView takes the same sorts of parameters as other views, so you can giveit a position and size, and fit other elements around it. When it comes time torender, however, the contents are completely transparent. The View part of aSurfaceView is just a see-through placeholder.
When the SurfaceView's View component is about to become visible, the frameworkasks the WindowManager to ask SurfaceFlinger to create a new Surface. (Thisdoesn't happen synchronously, which is why you should provide a callback thatnotifies you when the Surface creation finishes.) By default, the new Surfaceis placed behind the app UI Surface, but the default "Z-ordering" can beoverridden to put the Surface on top.
Whatever you render onto this Surface will be composited by SurfaceFlinger, notby the app. This is the real power of SurfaceView: the Surface you get can berendered by a separate thread or a separate process, isolated from any renderingperformed by the app UI, and the buffers go directly to SurfaceFlinger. Youcan't totally ignore the UI thread -- you still have to coordinate with theActivity lifecycle, and you may need to adjust something if the size or positionof the View changes -- but you have a whole Surface all to yourself, andblending with the app UI and other layers is handled by the Hardware Composer.
It's worth taking a moment to note that this new Surface is the producer side ofa BufferQueue whose consumer is a SurfaceFlinger layer. You can update theSurface with any mechanism that can feed a BufferQueue. You can: use theSurface-supplied Canvas functions, attach an EGLSurface and draw on itwith GLES, and configure a MediaCodec video decoder to write to it.
Composition and the Hardware Scaler
Now that we have a bit more context, it's useful to go back and look at a coupleof fields from dumpsys SurfaceFlinger that we skipped over earlieron. Back in the Hardware Composer discussion, welooked at some output like this:
type | source crop | frame name------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------- HWC | [ 0.0, 0.0, 320.0, 240.0] | [ 48, 411, 1032, 1149] SurfaceView HWC | [ 0.0, 75.0, 1080.0, 1776.0] | [ 0, 75, 1080, 1776] com.android.grafika/com.android.grafika.PlayMovieSurfaceActivity HWC | [ 0.0, 0.0, 1080.0, 75.0] | [ 0, 0, 1080, 75] StatusBar HWC | [ 0.0, 0.0, 1080.0, 144.0] | [ 0, 1776, 1080, 1920] NavigationBar FB TARGET | [ 0.0, 0.0, 1080.0, 1920.0] | [ 0, 0, 1080, 1920] HWC_FRAMEBUFFER_TARGET
This was taken while playing a movie in Grafika's "Play video (SurfaceView)"activity, on a Nexus 5 in portrait orientation. Note that the list is orderedfrom back to front: the SurfaceView's Surface is in the back, the app UI layersits on top of that, followed by the status and navigation bars that are aboveeverything else. The video is QVGA (320x240).
The "source crop" indicates the portion of the Surface's buffer thatSurfaceFlinger is going to display. The app UI was given a Surface equal to thefull size of the display (1080x1920), but there's no point rendering andcompositing pixels that will be obscured by the status and navigation bars, sothe source is cropped to a rectangle that starts 75 pixels from the top, andends 144 pixels from the bottom. The status and navigation bars have smallerSurfaces, and the source crop describes a rectangle that begins at the the topleft (0,0) and spans their content.
The "frame" is the rectangle where the pixels end up on the display. For theapp UI layer, the frame matches the source crop, because we're copying (oroverlaying) a portion of a display-sized layer to the same location in anotherdisplay-sized layer. For the status and navigation bars, the size of the framerectangle is the same, but the position is adjusted so that the navigation barappears at the bottom of the screen.
Now consider the layer labeled "SurfaceView", which holds our video content.The source crop matches the video size, which SurfaceFlinger knows because theMediaCodec decoder (the buffer producer) is dequeuing buffers that size. Theframe rectangle has a completely different size -- 984x738.
SurfaceFlinger handles size differences by scaling the buffer contents to fillthe frame rectangle, upscaling or downscaling as needed. This particular sizewas chosen because it has the same aspect ratio as the video (4:3), and is aswide as possible given the constraints of the View layout (which includes somepadding at the edges of the screen for aesthetic reasons).
If you started playing a different video on the same Surface, the underlyingBufferQueue would reallocate buffers to the new size automatically, andSurfaceFlinger would adjust the source crop. If the aspect ratio of the newvideo is different, the app would need to force a re-layout of the View to matchit, which causes the WindowManager to tell SurfaceFlinger to update the framerectangle.
If you're rendering on the Surface through some other means, perhaps GLES, youcan set the Surface size using the SurfaceHolder#setFixedSize()call. You could, for example, configure a game to always render at 1280x720,which would significantly reduce the number of pixels that must be touched tofill the screen on a 2560x1440 tablet or 4K television. The display processorhandles the scaling. If you don't want to letter- or pillar-box your game, youcould adjust the game's aspect ratio by setting the size so that the narrowdimension is 720 pixels, but the long dimension is set to maintain the aspectratio of the physical display (e.g. 1152x720 to match a 2560x1600 display).You can see an example of this approach in Grafika's "Hardware scalerexerciser" activity.
GLSurfaceView
The GLSurfaceView class provides some helper classes that help manage EGLcontexts, inter-thread communication, and interaction with the Activitylifecycle. That's it. You do not need to use a GLSurfaceView to use GLES.
For example, GLSurfaceView creates a thread for rendering and configures an EGLcontext there. The state is cleaned up automatically when the activity pauses.Most apps won't need to know anything about EGL to use GLES with GLSurfaceView.
In most cases, GLSurfaceView is very helpful and can make working with GLESeasier. In some situations, it can get in the way. Use it if it helps, don'tif it doesn't.
SurfaceTexture
The SurfaceTexture class is a relative newcomer, added in Android 3.0("Honeycomb"). Just as SurfaceView is the combination of a Surface and a View,SurfaceTexture is the combination of a Surface and a GLES texture. Sort of.
When you create a SurfaceTexture, you are creating a BufferQueue for which yourapp is the consumer. When a new buffer is queued by the producer, your app isnotified via callback (onFrameAvailable()). Your app callsupdateTexImage(), which releases the previously-held buffer,acquires the new buffer from the queue, and makes some EGL calls to make thebuffer available to GLES as an "external" texture.
External textures (GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES) are not quite thesame as textures created by GLES (GL_TEXTURE_2D). You have toconfigure your renderer a bit differently, and there are things you can't dowith them. But the key point is this: You can render textured polygons directlyfrom the data received by your BufferQueue.
You may be wondering how we can guarantee the format of the data in thebuffer is something GLES can recognize -- gralloc supports a wide varietyof formats. When SurfaceTexture created the BufferQueue, it set the consumer'susage flags to GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE, ensuring that any buffercreated by gralloc would be usable by GLES.
Because SurfaceTexture interacts with an EGL context, you have to be careful tocall its methods from the correct thread. This is spelled out in the classdocumentation.
If you look deeper into the class documentation, you will see a couple of oddcalls. One retrieves a timestamp, the other a transformation matrix, the valueof each having been set by the previous call to updateTexImage().It turns out that BufferQueue passes more than just a buffer handle to the consumer.Each buffer is accompanied by a timestamp and transformation parameters.
The transformation is provided for efficiency. In some cases, the source datamight be in the "wrong" orientation for the consumer; but instead of rotatingthe data before sending it, we can send the data in its current orientation witha transform that corrects it. The transformation matrix can be merged withother transformations at the point the data is used, minimizing overhead.
The timestamp is useful for certain buffer sources. For example, suppose youconnect the producer interface to the output of the camera (withsetPreviewTexture()). If you want to create a video, you need toset the presentation time stamp for each frame; but you want to base that on the timewhen the frame was captured, not the time when the buffer was received by yourapp. The timestamp provided with the buffer is set by the camera code,resulting in a more consistent series of timestamps.
SurfaceTexture and Surface
If you look closely at the API you'll see the only way for an applicationto create a plain Surface is through a constructor that takes a SurfaceTextureas the sole argument. (Prior to API 11, there was no public constructor forSurface at all.) This might seem a bit backward if you view SurfaceTexture as acombination of a Surface and a texture.
Under the hood, SurfaceTexture is called GLConsumer, which more accuratelyreflects its role as the owner and consumer of a BufferQueue. When you create aSurface from a SurfaceTexture, what you're doing is creating an object thatrepresents the producer side of the SurfaceTexture's BufferQueue.
Case Study: Grafika's "Continuous Capture" Activity
The camera can provide a stream of frames suitable for recording as a movie. Ifyou want to display it on screen, you create a SurfaceView, pass the Surface tosetPreviewDisplay(), and let the producer (camera) and consumer(SurfaceFlinger) do all the work. If you want to record the video, you create aSurface with MediaCodec's createInputSurface(), pass that to thecamera, and again you sit back and relax. If you want to show the video andrecord it at the same time, you have to get more involved.
The "Continuous capture" activity displays video from the camera as it's beingrecorded. In this case, encoded video is written to a circular buffer in memorythat can be saved to disk at any time. It's straightforward to implement solong as you keep track of where everything is.
There are three BufferQueues involved. The app uses a SurfaceTexture to receiveframes from Camera, converting them to an external GLES texture. The appdeclares a SurfaceView, which we use to display the frames, and we configure aMediaCodec encoder with an input Surface to create the video. So oneBufferQueue is created by the app, one by SurfaceFlinger, and one bymediaserver.
Figure 2.Grafika's continuous capture activity
In the diagram above, the arrows show the propagation of the data from thecamera. BufferQueues are in color (purple producer, cyan consumer). Note“Camera” actually lives in the mediaserver process.
Encoded H.264 video goes to a circular buffer in RAM in the app process, and iswritten to an MP4 file on disk using the MediaMuxer class when the “capture”button is hit.
All three of the BufferQueues are handled with a single EGL context in theapp, and the GLES operations are performed on the UI thread. Doing theSurfaceView rendering on the UI thread is generally discouraged, but since we'redoing simple operations that are handled asynchronously by the GLES driver weshould be fine. (If the video encoder locks up and we block trying to dequeue abuffer, the app will become unresponsive. But at that point, we're probablyfailing anyway.) The handling of the encoded data -- managing the circularbuffer and writing it to disk -- is performed on a separate thread.
The bulk of the configuration happens in the SurfaceView's surfaceCreated()callback. The EGLContext is created, and EGLSurfaces are created for thedisplay and for the video encoder. When a new frame arrives, we tellSurfaceTexture to acquire it and make it available as a GLES texture, thenrender it with GLES commands on each EGLSurface (forwarding the transform andtimestamp from SurfaceTexture). The encoder thread pulls the encoded outputfrom MediaCodec and stashes it in memory.
TextureView
The TextureView class wasintroducedin Android 4.0 ("Ice Cream Sandwich"). It's the most complex of the Viewobjects discussed here, combining a View with a SurfaceTexture.
Recall that the SurfaceTexture is a "GL consumer", consuming buffers of graphicsdata and making them available as textures. TextureView wraps a SurfaceTexture,taking over the responsibility of responding to the callbacks and acquiring newbuffers. The arrival of new buffers causes TextureView to issue a Viewinvalidate request. When asked to draw, the TextureView uses the contents ofthe most recently received buffer as its data source, rendering wherever andhowever the View state indicates it should.
You can render on a TextureView with GLES just as you would SurfaceView. Justpass the SurfaceTexture to the EGL window creation call. However, doing soexposes a potential problem.
In most of what we've looked at, the BufferQueues have passed buffers betweendifferent processes. When rendering to a TextureView with GLES, both producerand consumer are in the same process, and they might even be handled on a singlethread. Suppose we submit several buffers in quick succession from the UIthread. The EGL buffer swap call will need to dequeue a buffer from theBufferQueue, and it will stall until one is available. There won't be anyavailable until the consumer acquires one for rendering, but that also happenson the UI thread… so we're stuck.
The solution is to have BufferQueue ensure there is always a bufferavailable to be dequeued, so the buffer swap never stalls. One way to guaranteethis is to have BufferQueue discard the contents of the previously-queued bufferwhen a new buffer is queued, and to place restrictions on minimum buffer countsand maximum acquired buffer counts. (If your queue has three buffers, and allthree buffers are acquired by the consumer, then there's nothing to dequeue andthe buffer swap call must hang or fail. So we need to prevent the consumer fromacquiring more than two buffers at once.) Dropping buffers is usuallyundesirable, so it's only enabled in specific situations, such as when theproducer and consumer are in the same process.
SurfaceView or TextureView?
SurfaceView and TextureView fill similar roles, but have very differentimplementations. To decide which is best requires an understanding of thetrade-offs.Because TextureView is a proper citizen of the View hierarchy, it behaves likeany other View, and can overlap or be overlapped by other elements. You canperform arbitrary transformations and retrieve the contents as a bitmap withsimple API calls.
The main strike against TextureView is the performance of the composition step.With SurfaceView, the content is written to a separate layer that SurfaceFlingercomposites, ideally with an overlay. With TextureView, the View composition isalways performed with GLES, and updates to its contents may cause other Viewelements to redraw as well (e.g. if they're positioned on top of theTextureView). After the View rendering completes, the app UI layer must then becomposited with other layers by SurfaceFlinger, so you're effectivelycompositing every visible pixel twice. For a full-screen video player, or anyother application that is effectively just UI elements layered on top of video,SurfaceView offers much better performance.
As noted earlier, DRM-protected video can be presented only on an overlay plane. Video players that support protected content must be implemented withSurfaceView.
Case Study: Grafika's Play Video (TextureView)
Grafika includes a pair of video players, one implemented with TextureView, theother with SurfaceView. The video decoding portion, which just sends framesfrom MediaCodec to a Surface, is the same for both. The most interestingdifferences between the implementations are the steps required to present thecorrect aspect ratio.
While SurfaceView requires a custom implementation of FrameLayout, resizingSurfaceTexture is a simple matter of configuring a transformation matrix withTextureView#setTransform(). For the former, you're sending newwindow position and size values to SurfaceFlinger through WindowManager; forthe latter, you're just rendering it differently.
Otherwise, both implementations follow the same pattern. Once the Surface hasbeen created, playback is enabled. When "play" is hit, a video decoding threadis started, with the Surface as the output target. After that, the app codedoesn't have to do anything -- composition and display will either be handled bySurfaceFlinger (for the SurfaceView) or by TextureView.
Case Study: Grafika's Double Decode
This activity demonstrates manipulation of the SurfaceTexture inside aTextureView.
The basic structure of this activity is a pair of TextureViews that show twodifferent videos playing side-by-side. To simulate the needs of avideoconferencing app, we want to keep the MediaCodec decoders alive when theactivity is paused and resumed for an orientation change. The trick is that youcan't change the Surface that a MediaCodec decoder uses without fullyreconfiguring it, which is a fairly expensive operation; so we want to keep theSurface alive. The Surface is just a handle to the producer interface in theSurfaceTexture's BufferQueue, and the SurfaceTexture is managed by theTextureView;, so we also need to keep the SurfaceTexture alive. So how do we dealwith the TextureView getting torn down?
It just so happens TextureView provides a setSurfaceTexture() callthat does exactly what we want. We obtain references to the SurfaceTexturesfrom the TextureViews and save them in a static field. When the activity isshut down, we return "false" from the onSurfaceTextureDestroyed()callback to prevent destruction of the SurfaceTexture. When the activity isrestarted, we stuff the old SurfaceTexture into the new TextureView. TheTextureView class takes care of creating and destroying the EGL contexts.
Each video decoder is driven from a separate thread. At first glance it mightseem like we need EGL contexts local to each thread; but remember the bufferswith decoded output are actually being sent from mediaserver to ourBufferQueue consumers (the SurfaceTextures). The TextureViews take care of therendering for us, and they execute on the UI thread.
Implementing this activity with SurfaceView would be a bit harder. We can'tjust create a pair of SurfaceViews and direct the output to them, because theSurfaces would be destroyed during an orientation change. Besides, that wouldadd two layers, and limitations on the number of available overlays stronglymotivate us to keep the number of layers to a minimum. Instead, we'd want tocreate a pair of SurfaceTextures to receive the output from the video decoders,and then perform the rendering in the app, using GLES to render two texturedquads onto the SurfaceView's Surface.
Conclusion
We hope this page has provided useful insights into the way Android handlesgraphics at the system level.
Some information and advice on related topics can be found in the appendicesthat follow.
Appendix A: Game Loops
A very popular way to implement a game loop looks like this:
while (playing) { advance state by one frame render the new frame sleep until it’s time to do the next frame}
There are a few problems with this, the most fundamental being the idea that thegame can define what a "frame" is. Different displays will refresh at differentrates, and that rate may vary over time. If you generate frames faster than thedisplay can show them, you will have to drop one occasionally. If you generatethem too slowly, SurfaceFlinger will periodically fail to find a new buffer toacquire and will re-show the previous frame. Both of these situations cancause visible glitches.
What you need to do is match the display's frame rate, and advance game stateaccording to how much time has elapsed since the previous frame. There are twoways to go about this: (1) stuff the BufferQueue full and rely on the "swapbuffers" back-pressure; (2) use Choreographer (API 16+).
Queue Stuffing
This is very easy to implement: just swap buffers as fast as you can. In earlyversions of Android this could actually result in a penalty whereSurfaceView#lockCanvas() would put you to sleep for 100ms. Nowit's paced by the BufferQueue, and the BufferQueue is emptied as quickly asSurfaceFlinger is able.
One example of this approach can be seen in Android Breakout. Ituses GLSurfaceView, which runs in a loop that calls the application'sonDrawFrame() callback and then swaps the buffer. If the BufferQueue is full,the eglSwapBuffers() call will wait until a buffer is available.Buffers become available when SurfaceFlinger releases them, which it does afteracquiring a new one for display. Because this happens on VSYNC, your draw looptiming will match the refresh rate. Mostly.
There are a couple of problems with this approach. First, the app is tied toSurfaceFlinger activity, which is going to take different amounts of timedepending on how much work there is to do and whether it's fighting for CPU timewith other processes. Since your game state advances according to the timebetween buffer swaps, your animation won't update at a consistent rate. Whenrunning at 60fps with the inconsistencies averaged out over time, though, youprobably won't notice the bumps.
Second, the first couple of buffer swaps are going to happen very quicklybecause the BufferQueue isn't full yet. The computed time between frames willbe near zero, so the game will generate a few frames in which nothing happens.In a game like Breakout, which updates the screen on every refresh, the queue isalways full except when a game is first starting (or un-paused), so the effectisn't noticeable. A game that pauses animation occasionally and then returns toas-fast-as-possible mode might see odd hiccups.
Choreographer
Choreographer allows you to set a callback that fires on the next VSYNC. Theactual VSYNC time is passed in as an argument. So even if your app doesn't wakeup right away, you still have an accurate picture of when the display refreshperiod began. Using this value, rather than the current time, yields aconsistent time source for your game state update logic.
Unfortunately, the fact that you get a callback after every VSYNC does notguarantee that your callback will be executed in a timely fashion or that youwill be able to act upon it sufficiently swiftly. Your app will need to detectsituations where it's falling behind and drop frames manually.
The "Record GL app" activity in Grafika provides an example of this. On somedevices (e.g. Nexus 4 and Nexus 5), the activity will start dropping frames ifyou just sit and watch. The GL rendering is trivial, but occasionally the Viewelements get redrawn, and the measure/layout pass can take a very long time ifthe device has dropped into a reduced-power mode. (According to systrace, ittakes 28ms instead of 6ms after the clocks slow on Android 4.4. If you dragyour finger around the screen, it thinks you're interacting with the activity,so the clock speeds stay high and you'll never drop a frame.)
The simple fix was to drop a frame in the Choreographer callback if the currenttime is more than N milliseconds after the VSYNC time. Ideally the value of Nis determined based on previously observed VSYNC intervals. For example, if therefresh period is 16.7ms (60fps), you might drop a frame if you're running morethan 15ms late.
If you watch "Record GL app" run, you will see the dropped-frame counterincrease, and even see a flash of red in the border when frames drop. Unlessyour eyes are very good, though, you won't see the animation stutter. At 60fps,the app can drop the occasional frame without anyone noticing so long as theanimation continues to advance at a constant rate. How much you can get awaywith depends to some extent on what you're drawing, the characteristics of thedisplay, and how good the person using the app is at detecting jank.
Thread Management
Generally speaking, if you're rendering onto a SurfaceView, GLSurfaceView, orTextureView, you want to do that rendering in a dedicated thread. Never do any"heavy lifting" or anything that takes an indeterminate amount of time on theUI thread.
Breakout and "Record GL app" use dedicated renderer threads, and they alsoupdate animation state on that thread. This is a reasonable approach so long asgame state can be updated quickly.
Other games separate the game logic and rendering completely. If you had asimple game that did nothing but move a block every 100ms, you could have adedicated thread that just did this:
run() { Thread.sleep(100); synchronized (mLock) { moveBlock(); } }
(You may want to base the sleep time off of a fixed clock to prevent drift --sleep() isn't perfectly consistent, and moveBlock() takes a nonzero amount oftime -- but you get the idea.)
When the draw code wakes up, it just grabs the lock, gets the current positionof the block, releases the lock, and draws. Instead of doing fractionalmovement based on inter-frame delta times, you just have one thread that movesthings along and another thread that draws things wherever they happen to bewhen the drawing starts.
For a scene with any complexity you'd want to create a list of upcoming eventssorted by wake time, and sleep until the next event is due, but it's the sameidea.
Appendix B: SurfaceView and the Activity Lifecycle
When using a SurfaceView, it's considered good practice to render the Surfacefrom a thread other than the main UI thread. This raises some questions aboutthe interaction between that thread and the Activity lifecycle.
First, a little background. For an Activity with a SurfaceView, there are twoseparate but interdependent state machines:
- Application onCreate / onResume / onPause
- Surface created / changed / destroyed
When the Activity starts, you get callbacks in this order:
- onCreate
- onResume
- surfaceCreated
- surfaceChanged
If you hit "back" you get:
- onPause
- surfaceDestroyed (called just before the Surface goes away)
If you rotate the screen, the Activity is torn down and recreated, so youget the full cycle. If it matters, you can tell that it's a "quick" restart bychecking isFinishing(). (It might be possible to start / stop anActivity so quickly that surfaceCreated() might actually happen after onPause().)
If you tap the power button to blank the screen, you only getonPause() -- no surfaceDestroyed(). The Surfaceremains alive, and rendering can continue. You can even keep gettingChoreographer events if you continue to request them. If you have a lockscreen that forces a different orientation, your Activity may be restarted whenthe device is unblanked; but if not, you can come out of screen-blank with thesame Surface you had before.
This raises a fundamental question when using a separate renderer thread withSurfaceView: Should the lifespan of the thread be tied to that of the Surface orthe Activity? The answer depends on what you want to have happen when thescreen goes blank. There are two basic approaches: (1) start/stop the thread onActivity start/stop; (2) start/stop the thread on Surface create/destroy.
#1 interacts well with the app lifecycle. We start the renderer thread inonResume() and stop it in onPause(). It gets a bitawkward when creating and configuring the thread because sometimes the Surfacewill already exist and sometimes it won't (e.g. it's still alive after togglingthe screen with the power button). We have to wait for the surface to becreated before we do some initialization in the thread, but we can't simply doit in the surfaceCreated() callback because that won't fire againif the Surface didn't get recreated. So we need to query or cache the Surfacestate, and forward it to the renderer thread. Note we have to be a littlecareful here passing objects between threads -- it is best to pass the Surface orSurfaceHolder through a Handler message, rather than just stuffing it into thethread, to avoid issues on multi-core systems (cf. the Android SMPPrimer).
#2 has a certain appeal because the Surface and the renderer are logicallyintertwined. We start the thread after the Surface has been created, whichavoids some inter-thread communication concerns. Surface created / changedmessages are simply forwarded. We need to make sure rendering stops when thescreen goes blank, and resumes when it un-blanks; this could be a simple matterof telling Choreographer to stop invoking the frame draw callback. OuronResume() will need to resume the callbacks if and only if therenderer thread is running. It may not be so trivial though -- if we animatebased on elapsed time between frames, we could have a very large gap when thenext event arrives; so an explicit pause/resume message may be desirable.
The above is primarily concerned with how the renderer thread is configured andwhether it's executing. A related concern is extracting state from the threadwhen the Activity is killed (in onPause() or onSaveInstanceState()).Approach #1 will work best for that, because once the renderer thread has beenjoined its state can be accessed without synchronization primitives.
You can see an example of approach #2 in Grafika's "Hardware scaler exerciser."
Appendix C: Tracking BufferQueue with systrace
If you really want to understand how graphics buffers move around, you need touse systrace. The system-level graphics code is well instrumented, as is muchof the relevant app framework code. Enable the "gfx" and "view" tags, andgenerally "sched" as well.
A full description of how to use systrace effectively would fill a rather longdocument. One noteworthy item is the presence of BufferQueues in the trace. Ifyou've used systrace before, you've probably seen them, but maybe weren't surewhat they were. As an example, if you grab a trace while Grafika's "Play video(SurfaceView)" is running, you will see a row labeled: "SurfaceView" This rowtells you how many buffers were queued up at any given time.
You'll notice the value increments while the app is active -- triggeringthe rendering of frames by the MediaCodec decoder -- and decrements whileSurfaceFlinger is doing work, consuming buffers. If you're showing video at30fps, the queue's value will vary from 0 to 1, because the ~60fps display caneasily keep up with the source. (You'll also notice that SurfaceFlinger is onlywaking up when there's work to be done, not 60 times per second. The system triesvery hard to avoid work and will disable VSYNC entirely if nothing is updatingthe screen.)
If you switch to "Play video (TextureView)" and grab a new trace, you'll see arow with a much longer name("com.android.grafika/com.android.grafika.PlayMovieActivity"). This is themain UI layer, which is of course just another BufferQueue. Because TextureViewrenders into the UI layer, rather than a separate layer, you'll see all of thevideo-driven updates here.
For more information about systrace, see the Androiddocumentation for the tool.
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