这是英文文档的第三部分：IMAGE PIPELINE GUIDE

Introduction to the Image Pipeline

The image pipeline does everything necessary to get an image into a form where it can be rendered into an Android device.

The pipeline goes through the following steps when given an image to load:

Look in the bitmap cache. If found, return it.
Hand off to other threads.
Check in the encoded memory cache. If found, decode, transform, and return it. Store in the bitmap cache.
Check in the disk cache. If found, decode, transform, and return it. Store in the encoded-memory and bitmap caches.
Check on the network (or other original source). If found, decode, transform, and return it. Store in all three caches.

This being an image library, an image is worth a thousand words:

(The 'disk' cache as pictured includes the encoded memory cache, to keep the logic path clearer.) Seethis pagefor more details on caching.

The pipeline can read fromlocal filesas well as network. PNG, GIF, and WebP are supported as well as JPEG.

WebP on older platforms

WebP is often a useful image format, but Android did not support it at all until Android 3.0. Extended WebP format was not supported until Android 4.1.2.

The image pipeline transcodes unsupported WebP images into JPEG for you. This allows you to use WebP in your app all the way back to Android 2.3.

Configuring the Image Pipeline

Most apps can initialize Fresco completely by the simple command:

Fresco.initialize(context);

For those apps that need more advanced customization, we offer it using theImagePipelineConfigclass.

Here is a maximal example. Rare is the app that actually needs all of these settings, but here they are for reference.

ImagePipelineConfig config = ImagePipelineConfig.newBuilder()    .setBitmapMemoryCacheParamsSupplier(bitmapCacheParamsSupplier)    .setCacheKeyFactory(cacheKeyFactory)    .setEncodedMemoryCacheParamsSupplier(encodedCacheParamsSupplier)    .setExecutorSupplier(executorSupplier)    .setImageCacheStatsTracker(imageCacheStatsTracker)    .setMainDiskCacheConfig(mainDiskCacheConfig)    .setMemoryTrimmableRegistry(memoryTrimmableRegistry)     .setNetworkFetchProducer(networkFetchProducer)    .setPoolFactory(poolFactory)    .setProgressiveJpegConfig(progressiveJpegConfig)    .setRequestListeners(requestListeners)    .setSmallImageDiskCacheConfig(smallImageDiskCacheConfig)    .build();Fresco.initialize(context, config);

Be sure to pass yourImagePipelineConfigobject toFresco.initialize!Otherwise, Fresco will use a default configuration instead of the one you built.

Understanding Suppliers

Several of the configuration builder's methods take arguments of aSupplierof an instance rather than an instance itself. This is a little more complex to create, but allows you to change behaviors while your app is running. Memory caches, for one, check their Supplier every five minutes.

If you don't need to dynamically change the params, use a Supplier that returns the same object each time:

Supplier<X> xSupplier = new Supplier<X>() {  public X get() {    return new X(xparam1, xparam2...);  });// when creating image pipeline.setXSupplier(xSupplier);

Thread pools

By default, the image pipeline uses three thread pools:

Three threads for network downloads
Two threads for all disk operations - local file reads, and the disk cache
Two threads for all CPU-bound operations - decodes, transforms, and background operations, such as postprocessing.

You can customize networking behavior bysetting your own network layer.

To change the behavior for all other operations, pass in an instance ofExecutorSupplier.

Configuring the memory caches

The bitmap cache and the encoded memory cache are configured by a Supplier of aMemoryCacheParamsobject.

Configuring the disk cache

You use the builder pattern to create aDiskCacheConfigobject:

DiskCacheConfig diskCacheConfig = DiskCacheConfig.newBuilder()   .set....   .set....   .build()// when building ImagePipelineConfig.setMainDiskCacheConfig(diskCacheConfig)

Keeping cache stats#

If you want to keep track of metrics like the cache hit rate, you can implement theImageCacheStatsTrackerclass. This provides callbacks for every cache event that you can use to keep your own statistics.

Caching

The three caches

1. Bitmap cache

The bitmap cache stores AndroidBitmapobjects. These are fully decoded images ready for display orpostprocessing.

On Android 4.x and lower, the bitmap cache's data lives in theashmemheap, not in the Java heap. This means that images don't force extra runs of the garbage collector, slowing down your app.

Android 5.0 has much improved memory management than earlier versions, so it is safer to leave the bitmap cache on the Java heap.

When your app is backgrounded, the bitmap cache is emptied.

2. Encoded memory cache

This cache stores images in their original compressed form. Images retrieved from this cache must be decoded before display.

If other transformations, such asresizing, rotatingortranscodingwere requested, that happens before decode.

This cache is also emptied when your app is backgrounded.

3. Disk cache

(Yes, we know phones don't have disks, but it's too tedious to keep sayinglocal storage cache...)

Like the encoded memory cache, this cache stores compressed image, which must be decoded and sometimes transformed before display.

Unlike the others, this cache is not cleared when your app is backgrounded, or if it exits, or even if the device is turned off. The user can, of course, always clear it from Android's Settings menu.

Using one disk cache or two?

Most apps need only a single disk cache. But in some circumstances you may want to keep smaller images in a separate cache, to prevent them from getting evicted too soon by larger images.

To do this, just call bothsetMainDiskCacheConfigandsetSmallImageDiskCacheConfigmethods whenconfiguring the image pipeline.

What definessmall?Your app does. Whenmaking an image request, you set itsImageType:

ImageRequest request = ImageRequest.newBuilderWithSourceUri(uri)    .setImageType(ImageType.SMALL)

If you need only one cache, you can simply avoid callingsetSmallImageDiskCacheConfig. The pipeline will default to using the same cache for both andImageTypewill be ignored.

Trimming the caches

Whenconfiguringthe image pipeline, you can set the maximum size of each of the caches. But there are times when you might want to go lower than that. For instance, your application might have caches for other kinds of data that might need more space and crowd out Fresco's. Or you might be checking to see if the device as a whole is running out of storage space.

Fresco's caches implement theDiskTrimmableorMemoryTrimmableinterfaces. These are hooks into which your app can tell them to do emergency evictions.

Your application can then configure the pipeline with objects implementing theDiskTrimmableRegistryandMemoryTrimmableRegistryinterfaces.

These objects must keep a list of trimmables. They must use app-specific logic to determine when memory or disk space must be preserved. They then notify the trimmable objects to carry out their trims.

Using the Image Pipeline Directly

This page is intended for advanced usage only. Most apps should be usingDraweesto interact with Fresco's image pipeline.

Using the image pipeline directly is challenging because of the memory usage. Drawees automatically keep track of whether or not your images need to be in memory. They will swap them out and load them back as soon as they need to be displayed. If you are using the image pipeline directly, your app must repeat this logic.

The image pipeline returns objects wrapped in aCloseableReference. Drawees call the.close()method on these objects when they are finished with them. If your app is not using Drawees, it must do the same.

The Java garbage collector will free image memory when Bitmap objects go out of scope, but this may be too late. Garbage collection is expensive, and relying on it for large objects leads to performance issues. This is especially true on Android 4.x and lower, when Android did not maintain a separate memory space for Bitmaps.

Calling the pipeline

You mustbuild an image request. Having done that, you can pass it directly to theImagePipeline:

ImagePipeline imagePipeline = Fresco.getImagePipeline();DataSource<CloseableReference<CloseableImage>>     dataSource = imagePipeline.fetchDecodedImage(imageRequest);

See the page onDataSourcesfor information on how to receive data from them.

Skipping the decode

If you don't want to decode the image, but want to keep it in its original compressed format, just usefetchEncodedImageinstead:

DataSource<CloseableReference<PooledByteBuffer>>     dataSource = imagePipeline.fetchEncodedImage(imageRequest);

Instant results from the bitmap cache

Lookups to the bitmap cache, unlike the others, are done in the UI thread. If a Bitmap is there, you get it instantly.

DataSource<CloseableReference<CloseableImage>> dataSource =    imagePipeline.fetchImageFromBitmapCache(imageRequest);try {  CloseableReference<CloseableImage> imageReference = dataSource.getResult();  if (imageReference != null) {    try {      CloseableImage image = imageReference.get();      // do something with the image    } finally {      CloseableReference.closeSafely(imageReference);    }  }} finally {  dataSource.close();}

Donotskip thisfinallyblocks!

Prefetching

Prefetching images in advance of showing them can sometimes lead to shorter wait times for users. Remember, however, that there are trade-offs. Prefetching takes up your users' data, and uses up its share of CPU and memory. As a rule, prefetching is not recommended for most apps.

Nonetheless, the image pipeline allows you to prefetch to either disk or bitmap cache. Both will use more data for network URIs, but the disk cache will not do a decode and will therefore use less CPU.

Prefetch to disk:

imagePipeline.prefetchToDiskCache(imageRequest);

Prefetch to bitmap cache:

imagePipeline.prefetchToBitmapCache(imageRequest);

DataSources and DataSubscribers

ADataSourceis, like a JavaFuture, the result of an asynchronous computation. The different is that, unlike a Future, a DataSource can return you a whole series of results from a single command, not just one.

After submitting an image request, the image pipeline returns a data source. To get a result out if it, you need to use aDataSubscriber.

I just want a bitmap...

If your request to the pipeline is for a decoded image - an AndroidBitmap, you can take advantage of our easier-to-useBaseBitmapDataSubscriber:

dataSource.subscribe(new BaseBitmapDataSubscriber() {    @Override    public void onNewResultImpl(@Nullable Bitmap bitmap) {       // You can use the bitmap in only limited ways      // No need to do any cleanup.    }    @Override    public void onFailureImpl(DataSource dataSource) {      // No cleanup required here.    }  });

A snap to use, right? There is a caveat.

You cannotassign the bitmap to any variable not in the scope of theonNewResultImplmethod. The reason is that, after the subscriber has finished executing, the image pipeline will recycle the bitmap and free its memory. If you try to draw the bitmap after that, your app will crash with anIllegalStateException.

General-purpose solution

If you want to keep the bitmap around, you can't use raw Bitmaps at all. You must make use ofcloseable referencesand theBaseDataSubscriber:

DataSubscriber dataSubscriber =    new BaseDataSubscriber<CloseableReference<CloseableImage>>() {  @Override  public void onNewResultImpl(      DataSource<CloseableReference<CloseableImage>> dataSource) {    if (!dataSource.isFinished()) {      FLog.v("Not yet finished - this is just another progressive scan.");    }      CloseableReference<CloseableImage> imageReference = dataSource.getResult();    if (imageReference != null) {      try {        CloseableImage image = imageReference.get();        // do something with the image      } finally {        imageReference.close();      }    }  }  @Override  public void onFailureImpl(DataSource dataSource) {    Throwable throwable = dataSource.getFailureCause();    // handle failure  }};dataSource.subscribe(dataSubscriber, executor);

If you want to deviate from the example above and assign theCloseableReferenceto another variable somewhere else, you can. Just be sure tofollow the rules.

Closeable References

This page is intended for advanced usage only.

Most apps should useDraweesand not worry about closing.

The Java language is garbage-collected and most developers are used to creating objects willy-nilly and taking it for granted they will eventually disappear from memory.

Until Android 5.0's improvements, this was not at all a good idea for Bitmaps. They take up a large share of the memory of a mobile device. Their existence in memory would make the garbage collector run more frequently, making image-heavy apps slow and janky.

Bitmaps were the one thing that makes Java developers miss C++ and its many smart pointer libraries, such asBoost.

Fresco's solution is found in theCloseableReferenceclass. In order to use it correctly, you must follow the rules below:

1. The caller owns the reference.

Here, we create a reference, but since we're passing it to a caller, the caller takes it:

CloseableReference<Val> foo() {  Val val;  return CloseableReference.of(val);}

2. The owner must close the reference before leaving scope.

Here we create a reference, but are not passing it to a caller. So we must close it:

void gee() {  CloseableReference<Val> ref = foo();  try {    haa(ref);  } finally {    ref.close();  }}

Thefinallyblock is almost always the best way to do this.

3. Something other than the owner shouldnotclose the reference.

Here, we are receiving the reference via argument. The caller is still the owner, so we are not supposed to close it.

void haa(CloseableReference<?> ref) {  Log.println("Haa: " + ref.get());}

If we called.close()here by mistake, then if the caller tried to call.get(), anIllegalStateExceptionwould be thrown.

4. Always clone the reference before assigning.

If we need to hold onto the reference, we need to clone it.

If using it in a class:

class MyClass {  CloseableReference<Val> myValRef;  void mmm(CloseableReference<Val> ref) {    myValRef = ref.clone();  };  // caller can now safely close its copy as we made our own clone.  void close() {    CloseableReference.closeSafely(myValRef);  }}// Now the caller of MyClass must close it!

If using it in an inner class:

void haa(CloseableReference<?> ref) {  final CloseableReference<?> refClone = ref.clone();  executor.submit(new Runnable() {    public void run() {      try {        Log.println("Haa Async: " + refClone.get());      } finally {        refClone.close();      }    }  });  // caller can now safely close its copy as we made our own clone.}

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