权限的分组

在Android6.0（M）之后，对权限进行了分类，大致有这三种：
普通权限
危险权限
特殊权限

普通权限也就是正常权限，是对手机的一些正常操作，对用户的隐私没有太大影响的权限，比如手机的震动，网络访问，蓝牙等权限，这些权限会在应用被安装的时候默认授予，用户不能拒绝，也不能取消。

危险权限其实就是运行中需要处理的权限，也是我们最需要注意的权限，这些权限会关系到用户的隐私或影响到其他应用的运行，这些危险权限，谷歌还做了一个权限组，以分组的形式来呈现：

传送门：Android6.0动态权限列表、普通权限列表、特殊权限列表

权限分组的用途：

比如读写文件权限：

WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
它们是属于同一个权限组的，你如果拿到了他们其中的一个权限，那么也同时会有另一个权限，同理，如果你拿到读取通讯录的权限，那么你同时也会拥有写入通讯录的权限，但是用到的权限都需要在manifest文件中声明。

效果图：

权限适配用的的api: int checkSelfPermission(String permission) 用来检测应用是否已经具有权限
void requestPermissions(String[] permissions, int requestCode) 进行请求单个或多个权限
void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions, int[] grantResults) 请求权限结果回调 boolean shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(String permission) (可选）是否需要解释权限作用
图一是requestPermissions时系统弹出的提示框，图二是图一选择拒绝后在回调onRequestPermissionsResult方法中弹框提示用户去手动授权，点击手动授权跳到图三，在图三操作完成后返回原自己app页面，整个流程就结束了。

下面是我封装成的工具类，图二中跳转手动授权需要匹配不同品牌手机：

package com.###.util;import android.Manifest;import android.app.Activity;import android.app.AlertDialog;import android.app.TabActivity;import android.content.ActivityNotFoundException;import android.content.ComponentName;import android.content.Context;import android.content.DialogInterface;import android.content.Intent;import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;import android.content.pm.PackageManager;import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo;import android.net.Uri;import android.os.Build;import android.provider.Settings;import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat;import android.util.Log;import android.widget.Toast;import com.sybercare.thermometer.ble.android.KzyApplication;import java.io.BufferedReader;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.InputStreamReader;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;import static com.tencent.open.utils.Global.getPackageName;/** * PackageName: com.###.util * ClassName: PermissionUtil * Author: cuiqingchao * CreateDate: 2018/6/19 19:43 * Description: * * -----------------------------------Version Info---------------------------------------------- * Version: V0.1    UpdateUser: cuiqingchao    UpdateDate: 2018/6/19 19:43   UpdateRemark: * * * --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */public class PermissionUtil {    /**     * group:android.permission-group.CONTACTS     * permission:android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS     * permission:android.permission.READ_CONTACTS     * permission:android.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS     */    public static int PERMISSION_WRITE_CONTACTS_CODE = 0;    /**     * group:android.permission-group.PHONE     * permission:android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG     * permission:android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE     * permission:android.permission.CALL_PHONE     * permission:android.permission.WRITE_CALL_LOG     * permission:android.permission.USE_SIP     * permission:android.permission.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS     * permission:com.android.voicemail.permission.ADD_VOICEMAIL     */    public static int PERMISSION_READ_PHONE_STATE_CODE = 1;    /**     * group:android.permission-group.CALENDAR     * permission:android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR     * permission:android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR     */    public static int PERMISSION_READ_CALENDAR_CODE = 2;    /**     * group:android.permission-group.CAMERA     * permission:android.permission.CAMERA     */    public static int PERMISSION_CAMERA_CODE = 3;    /**     * group:android.permission-group.SENSORS     * permission:android.permission.BODY_SENSORS     */    public static int PERMISSION_BODY_SENSORS_CODE = 4;    /**     * group:android.permission-group.LOCATION     * permission:android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION     * permission:android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION     */    public static int PERMISSION_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION_CODE = 5;    /**     * group:android.permission-group.STORAGE     * permission:android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE     * permission:android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE     */    public static int PERMISSION_READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE_CODE = 6;    /**     * group:android.permission-group.MICROPHONE     * permission:android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO     */    public static int PERMISSION_RECORD_AUDIO_CODE = 7;    /**     * group:android.permission-group.SMS     * permission:android.permission.READ_SMS     * permission:android.permission.RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH     * permission:android.permission.RECEIVE_MMS     * permission:android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS     * permission:android.permission.SEND_SMS     * permission:android.permission.READ_CELL_BROADCASTS     */    public static int PERMISSION_READ_SMS_CODE = 8;    /**     * android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES     */    public static int PERMISSION_INSTALL_PACKAGES_CODE = 9;    /**     * all project need permission group     */    public static int PERMISSION_INIT_CODE = 10;    public static String[] initPermission = {            Manifest.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE,            Manifest.permission.CAMERA,            Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,            Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,            Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO,        };    /**     * 判断是否具备所有权限     *     * @param permissions 所有权限     * @return true 具有所有权限  false没有具有所有权限，此时包含未授予的权限     */    public static boolean isHasPermissions(String... permissions) {        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M)            return true;        for (String permission : permissions) {            if (!isHasPermission(permission))                return false;        }        return true;    }    /**     * 判断该权限是否已经被授予     *     * @param permission     * @return true 已经授予该权限 ，false未授予该权限     */    private static boolean isHasPermission(String permission) {        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M)            return true;        boolean isHas = ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(KzyApplication.getInstance().getApplicationContext(), permission) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;        return isHas;    }    /**     * 请求权限,经测试发现TabActivity管理Activity时，在Activity中请求权限时需要传入父Activity对象，即TabActivity对象     * 并在TabActivity管理Activity中重写onRequestPermissionsResult并分发到子Activity，否则回调不执行  。TabActivity回调中  调用getLocalActivityManager().getCurrentActivity().onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);分发到子Activity     *     *     * @param object      Activity or Fragment     * @param requestCode 请求码     * @param permissions 请求权限     */    public static void requestPermissions(Object object, int requestCode, String... permissions) {        ArrayList arrayList = new ArrayList<>();        for (String permission : permissions) {            if (!isHasPermissions(permission)) {                arrayList.add(permission);            }        }        if (arrayList.size() > 0) {            if (object instanceof Activity) {                Activity activity = (Activity) object;                Activity activity1 = activity.getParent() != null && activity.getParent() instanceof TabActivity ? activity.getParent() : activity;                ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(activity1, arrayList.toArray(new String[] {}), requestCode);            } else if (object instanceof Fragment) {                Fragment fragment = (Fragment) object;                //当Fragment嵌套Fragment时使用getParentFragment(),然后在父Fragment进行分发，否则回调不执行                Fragment fragment1 = fragment.getParentFragment() != null ? fragment.getParentFragment() : fragment;                fragment1.requestPermissions(arrayList.toArray(new String[]{}), requestCode);            } else {                throw new RuntimeException("the object must be Activity or Fragment");            }        }    }    /**     * 打开 APP 的详情设置     */    public static void openAppDetails(final Context context,String message) {        AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(context);        //builder.setMessage("备份通讯录需要访问 “通讯录” 和 “外部存储器”，请到 “应用信息 -> 权限” 中授予！");        builder.setMessage(message);        builder.setPositiveButton("去手动授权", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {            @Override            public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {                jumpPermissionPage(context);            }        });        builder.setNegativeButton("取消", null);        builder.show();    }    /**     * 国产厂商跳转“设置”适配     */    public static void jumpPermissionPage(Context context) {        String name = Build.MANUFACTURER;        //L.e(TAG, "jumpPermissionPage --- name : " + name);        switch (name) {            case "HUAWEI":                goHuaWeiMainager(context);                break;            case "vivo":                goVivoMainager(context);                break;            case "OPPO":                goOppoMainager(context);                break;            case "Coolpad":                goCoolpadMainager(context);                break;            case "Meizu":                goMeizuMainager(context);                break;            case "Xiaomi":                goXiaoMiMainager(context);                break;            case "samsung":                goSangXinMainager(context);                break;            case "Sony":                goSonyMainager(context);                break;            case "LG":                goLGMainager(context);                break;            default:                goIntentSetting(context);                break;        }    }    private static void goLGMainager(Context context){        try {            Intent intent = new Intent();            ComponentName comp = new ComponentName("com.android.settings", "com.android.settings.Settings$AccessLockSummaryActivity");            intent.setComponent(comp);            intent.setData(Uri.parse("package:" + getPackageName()));            intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NO_HISTORY);            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_EXCLUDE_FROM_RECENTS);            context.startActivity(intent);        } catch (Exception e) {            Toast.makeText(context, "跳转失败", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();            e.printStackTrace();            goIntentSetting(context);        }    }    private static void goSonyMainager(Context context){        try {            Intent intent = new Intent();            intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);            intent.setData(Uri.parse("package:" + getPackageName()));            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NO_HISTORY);            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_EXCLUDE_FROM_RECENTS);            ComponentName comp = new ComponentName("com.sonymobile.cta", "com.sonymobile.cta.SomcCTAMainActivity");            intent.setComponent(comp);            context.startActivity(intent);        } catch (Exception e) {            Toast.makeText(context, "跳转失败", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();            e.printStackTrace();            goIntentSetting(context);        }    }    private static void goHuaWeiMainager(Context context) {        try {            Intent intent = new Intent();            intent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);            ComponentName comp = new ComponentName("com.huawei.systemmanager", "com.huawei.permissionmanager.ui.MainActivity");            intent.setComponent(comp);            intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);            intent.setData(Uri.parse("package:" + getPackageName()));            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NO_HISTORY);            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_EXCLUDE_FROM_RECENTS);            context.startActivity(intent);        } catch (Exception e) {            Toast.makeText(context, "跳转失败", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();            e.printStackTrace();            goIntentSetting(context);        }    }    private static String getMiuiVersion(Context context) {        String propName = "ro.miui.ui.version.name";        String line;        BufferedReader input = null;        try {            Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("getprop " + propName);            input = new BufferedReader(                    new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()), 1024);            line = input.readLine();            input.close();        } catch (IOException ex) {            ex.printStackTrace();            return null;        } finally {            try {                input.close();            } catch (IOException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }        }        return line;    }    private static void goXiaoMiMainager(Context context) {        String rom = getMiuiVersion(context);        //L.e(TAG,"goMiaoMiMainager --- rom : "+rom);        Intent intent=new Intent();        if ("V6".equals(rom) || "V7".equals(rom)) {            intent.setAction("miui.intent.action.APP_PERM_EDITOR");            intent.setClassName("com.miui.securitycenter", "com.miui.permcenter.permissions.AppPermissionsEditorActivity");            intent.putExtra("extra_pkgname", getPackageName());        } else if ("V8".equals(rom) || "V9".equals(rom)) {            intent.setAction("miui.intent.action.APP_PERM_EDITOR");            intent.setClassName("com.miui.securitycenter", "com.miui.permcenter.permissions.PermissionsEditorActivity");            intent.putExtra("extra_pkgname", getPackageName());        } else {            goIntentSetting(context);        }        context.startActivity(intent);    }    private static void goMeizuMainager(Context context) {        try {            Intent intent = new Intent("com.meizu.safe.security.SHOW_APPSEC");            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);            intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);            intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NO_HISTORY);            intent.putExtra("packageName", getPackageName());            context.startActivity(intent);        } catch (ActivityNotFoundException localActivityNotFoundException) {            localActivityNotFoundException.printStackTrace();            goIntentSetting(context);        }    }    private static void goSangXinMainager(Context context) {        //三星4.3可以直接跳转        goIntentSetting(context);    }    private static void goIntentSetting(Context context) {        Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_APPLICATION_DETAILS_SETTINGS);        intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);        intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);        intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NO_HISTORY);        intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_EXCLUDE_FROM_RECENTS);        Uri uri = Uri.fromParts("package", context.getPackageName(), null);        intent.setData(uri);        try {            context.startActivity(intent);        } catch (Exception e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }    }    private static void goOppoMainager(Context context) {        doStartApplicationWithPackageName(context,"com.coloros.safecenter");    }    /**     * doStartApplicationWithPackageName("com.yulong.android.security:remote")     * 和Intent open = getPackageManager().getLaunchIntentForPackage("com.yulong.android.security:remote");     * startActivity(open);     * 本质上没有什么区别，通过Intent open...打开比调用doStartApplicationWithPackageName方法更快，也是android本身提供的方法     */    private static void goCoolpadMainager(Context context) {        doStartApplicationWithPackageName(context,"com.yulong.android.security:remote");      /*  Intent openQQ = getPackageManager().getLaunchIntentForPackage("com.yulong.android.security:remote");        startActivity(openQQ);*/    }    private static void goVivoMainager(Context context) {        doStartApplicationWithPackageName(context,"com.bairenkeji.icaller");     /*   Intent openQQ = getPackageManager().getLaunchIntentForPackage("com.vivo.securedaemonservice");        startActivity(openQQ);*/    }    /**     * 此方法在手机各个机型设置中已经失效     *     * @return     */    private Intent getAppDetailSettingIntent(Context context) {        Intent localIntent = new Intent();        localIntent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);        localIntent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);        localIntent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NO_HISTORY);        localIntent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_EXCLUDE_FROM_RECENTS);        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 9) {            localIntent.setAction("android.settings.APPLICATION_DETAILS_SETTINGS");            localIntent.setData(Uri.fromParts("package", context.getPackageName(), null));        } else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT <= 8) {            localIntent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);            localIntent.setClassName("com.android.settings", "com.android.settings.InstalledAppDetails");            localIntent.putExtra("com.android.settings.ApplicationPkgName", context.getPackageName());        }        return localIntent;    }    private static void doStartApplicationWithPackageName(Context context, String packagename) {        // 通过包名获取此APP详细信息，包括Activities、services、versioncode、name等等        PackageInfo packageinfo = null;        try {            packageinfo = context.getPackageManager().getPackageInfo(packagename, 0);        } catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }        if (packageinfo == null) {            return;        }        // 创建一个类别为CATEGORY_LAUNCHER的该包名的Intent        Intent resolveIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_MAIN, null);        resolveIntent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_LAUNCHER);        resolveIntent.setPackage(packageinfo.packageName);        // 通过getPackageManager()的queryIntentActivities方法遍历        List resolveinfoList = context.getPackageManager()                .queryIntentActivities(resolveIntent, 0);        Log.e("PermissionPageManager", "resolveinfoList" + resolveinfoList.size());        for (int i = 0; i < resolveinfoList.size(); i++) {            Log.e("PermissionPageManager", resolveinfoList.get(i).activityInfo.packageName + resolveinfoList.get(i).activityInfo.name);        }        ResolveInfo resolveinfo = resolveinfoList.iterator().next();        if (resolveinfo != null) {            // packageName参数2 = 参数 packname            String packageName = resolveinfo.activityInfo.packageName;            // 这个就是我们要找的该APP的LAUNCHER的Activity[组织形式：packageName参数2.mainActivityname]            String className = resolveinfo.activityInfo.name;            // LAUNCHER Intent            Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_MAIN);            intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_LAUNCHER);            // 设置ComponentName参数1:packageName参数2:MainActivity路径            ComponentName cn = new ComponentName(packageName, className);            intent.setComponent(cn);            try {                context.startActivity(intent);            } catch (Exception e) {                goIntentSetting(context);                e.printStackTrace();            }        }    }}

在Activity中的使用：

if(!PermissionUtil.isHasPermissions(PermissionUtil.initPermission)){   PermissionUtil.requestPermissions(this,PermissionUtil.PERMISSION_INIT_CODE,PermissionUtil.initPermission);}

/** * 处理权限请求结果 * * @param requestCode *          请求权限时传入的请求码，用于区别是哪一次请求的 * * @param permissions *          所请求的所有权限的数组 * * @param grantResults *          权限授予结果，和 permissions 数组参数中的权限一一对应，元素值为两种情况，如下: *          授予: PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED *          拒绝: PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED */@Overridepublic void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String permissions[], int[] grantResults) {   if(requestCode == PermissionUtil.PERMISSION_INIT_CODE){      boolean isAllGranted = true;      // 判断是否所有的权限都已经授予了      for (int grant : grantResults) {         if (grant != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {            isAllGranted = false;            break;         }      }      if (isAllGranted) {         // 如果所有的权限都授予了      } else {         // 弹出对话框告诉用户需要权限的原因, 并引导用户去应用权限管理中手动打开权限按钮         PermissionUtil.openAppDetails(this,"需要使用“定位” 、“外部存储器”、“录音”、“手机状态”、“相机”权限，请到 “应用信息 -> 权限” 中授予！");      }   }}

此外特殊权限的无法申请只能手动到设置中授权，权限检查也有所不同，比如请求SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW权限：

if (!Settings.canDrawOverlays(this)) {   Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_MANAGE_OVERLAY_PERMISSION,         Uri.parse("package:" + getPackageName()));   startActivityForResult(intent, requestCodeAlertWindow);} else {   Toast.makeText(PermissionTestActivity.this, "SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW 已经被授权", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();}

Android8.0中“android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES”权限需要在manifest中声明后（8.0之前不需要）在代码中检测：

if(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O && !getPackageManager().canRequestPackageInstalls()){   PermissionUtil.requestPermissions(this,PermissionUtil.PERMISSION_INSTALL_PACKAGES_CODE, Manifest.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES);}

总结：以上就是我做的所有授权的操作及代码，对于跳转到设置页面后如果用户依然没有进行授权，返回后我并没有做任何提醒，为了增加用户授权的可能性在从设置返回后可以在onActivityForResult()中对授权结果进行判断，如果没有授权则弹框提示用户会对app造成哪些影响。

系统api解释：

/** * 确定权限是否已经被授予 * @param permission 被检测权限的名字. * @return {@link android.content.pm.PackageManager#PERMISSION_GRANTED} 如果权限被授予, * {@link android.content.pm.PackageManager#PERMISSION_DENIED} 如果权限被拒绝返回值. */public static int checkSelfPermission(@NonNull Context context, @NonNull String permission)/** * 是否显示自定义UI提示用户 * 华为手机测试 第一次使用时返回false * 如果拒绝返回true * 如果拒绝并点击不在提醒返回false * 已经同意过权限，但在设置拒绝此时返回true * 没有同意过权限，在设置中开启并拒绝权限返回false * @param activity   请求权限Activity. * @param permission 需要请求的权限. * @return 是否显示自定义对话框提示用户. */public static boolean shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(@NonNull Activity activity,        @NonNull String permission)/** * 给应用申请权限，申请的权限必须在manifest文件注册，正常权限在安装时自动被授权，不需要使用此方法请求权限 * 请求之后会弹出系统提示框，供我们选择是拒绝还是允许，点击后 * android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat.OnRequestPermissionsResultCallback#onRequestPermissionsResult( * int, String[], int[])} 方法将会被回调， * @param activity 请求权限的Activity. * @param permissions 需要请求的权限. * @param requestCode 指定一个请求码，用于区别返回结果 * */public static void requestPermissions(final @NonNull Activity activity,        final @NonNull String[] permissions, final int requestCode)/** * 调用requestPermissions方法请求权限的回调 * 需要注意的是可能请求的权限与用户互动中断;正在这种情况下回调将接收一个空的permissions和grantResults数组 * @param permissions 请求的权限. 不为null,长度可能为0. * @param grantResults 请求权限的结果PERMISSION_GRANTED表示权限被允许，PERMISSION_DENIED表示权限被拒绝 */void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions,        @NonNull int[] grantResults)

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