手工编译C模块

上一篇中（即《Android编译Native C 模块》），我们试用了通过标准的 Android.mk 文件来编译 C 模块，下面我们来试试如何直接运用 gcc 命令行来编译，从而了解Android编译环境的细节。

Clean上次生成的东西:

Android编译环境提供了 ”showcommands” 选项来显示编译命令行，我们可以通过打开这个选项来查看一些编译时的细节。当然，在这之前要把上一篇中的 helloworld 模块 clean:

# make clean-helloworld

上面的 “make clean-$(LOCAL_MODULE)” 是 Android编译环境提供的 make clean 的方式。

showcommands:

接下来使用 showcommands 选项重新编译 helloworld:

# make helloworld showcommands build/core/product_config.mk:229: WARNING: adding test OTA key target thumb C: helloworld <= development/hello/hello.c prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-gcc -I system/core/include -I hardware/libhardware/include -I hardware/ril/include -I dalvik/libnativehelper/include -I frameworks/base/include -I external/skia/include -I out/target/product/generic/obj/include -I bionic/libc/arch-arm/include -I bionic/libc/include -I bionic/libstdc++/include -I bionic/libc/kernel/common -I bionic/libc/kernel/arch-arm -I bionic/libm/include -I bionic/libm/include/arch/arm -I bionic/libthread_db/include -I development/hello -I out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates -c -fno-exceptions -Wno-multichar -march=armv5te -mtune=xscale -msoft-float -fpic -mthumb-interwork -ffunction-sections -funwind-tables -fstack-protector -D__ARM_ARCH_5__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5T__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5E__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5TE__ -include system/core/include/arch/linux-arm/AndroidConfig.h -DANDROID -fmessage-length=0 -W -Wall -Wno-unused -DSK_RELEASE -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -finline-functions -fno-inline-functions-called-once -fgcse-after-reload -frerun-cse-after-loop -frename-registers -DNDEBUG -UDEBUG -mthumb -Os -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -finline-limit=64 -MD -o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o development/hello/hello.c target Executable: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld) prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-g++ -nostdlib -Bdynamic -Wl,-T,build/core/armelf.x -Wl,-dynamic-linker,/system/bin/linker -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,-z,nocopyreloc -o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld -Lout/target/product/generic/obj/lib -Wl,-rpath-link=out/target/product/generic/obj/lib -lc -lstdc++ -lm out/target/product/generic/obj/lib/crtbegin_dynamic.o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o -Wl,--no-undefined prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.2.1/interwork/libgcc.a out/target/product/generic/obj/lib/crtend_android.o target Non-prelinked: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/symbols/system/bin/helloworld) out/host/linux-x86/bin/acp -fpt out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld out/target/product/generic/symbols/system/bin/helloworld target Strip: helloworld (out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/helloworld) out/host/linux-x86/bin/soslim --strip --shady --quiet out/target/product/generic/symbols/system/bin/helloworld --outfile out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/helloworld Install: out/target/product/generic/system/bin/helloworld out/host/linux-x86/bin/acp -fpt out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/helloworld out/target/product/generic/system/bin/helloworld

从上面的命令行可以看到， Android编译环境所用的交叉编译工具链是 prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-gcc ， -I 和 -L 参数指定了所用的 C 库头文件和动态库文件路径分别是 bionic/libc/include 和 out/target/product/generic/obj/lib ，其他还包括很多编译选项以及 -D 所定义的预编译宏。

手工编译：

我们可以利用上面的编译命令，稍加简化来手工编译 helloworld 程序。先手工删除上次编译得到的 helloworld 程序：

# rm out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o # rm out/target/product/generic/system/bin/helloworld

再用 gcc 编译，生成目标文件：

# prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-gcc -I bionic/libc/arch-arm/include -I bionic/libc/include -I bionic/libc/kernel/common -I bionic/libc/kernel/arch-arm -c -fno-exceptions -Wno-multichar -march=armv5te -mtune=xscale -msoft-float -fpic -mthumb-interwork -ffunction-sections -funwind-tables -fstack-protector -D__ARM_ARCH_5__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5T__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5E__ -D__ARM_ARCH_5TE__ -include system/core/include/arch/linux-arm/AndroidConfig.h -DANDROID -fmessage-length=0 -W -Wall -Wno-unused -DSK_RELEASE -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -finline-functions -fno-inline-functions-called-once -fgcse-after-reload -frerun-cse-after-loop -frename-registers -DNDEBUG -UDEBUG -mthumb -Os -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -finline-limit=64 -MD -o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o development/hello/hello.c

与 Android.mk 编译参数比较，上面主要减少了不必要的 -I 参数。

接下来生成可执行文件：

# prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi-gcc -nostdlib -Bdynamic -Wl,-T,build/core/armelf.x -Wl,-dynamic-linker,/system/bin/linker -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,-z,nocopyreloc -o out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld -Lout/target/product/generic/obj/lib -Wl,-rpath-link=out/target/product/generic/obj/lib -lc -lm out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/hello.o out/target/product/generic/obj/lib/crtbegin_dynamic.o -Wl,--no-undefined ./prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-eabi/4.2.1/interwork/libgcc.a out/target/product/generic/obj/lib/crtend_android.o

这里值得留意的是参数“ -Wl,-dynamic-linker,/system/bin/linker ”，它指定了 Android 专用的动态链接器 /system/bin/linker ，而不是通常所用的 ld.so 。

查看成果：

生成的可执行程序可用 file 和 readelf 命令来查看一下：

# file out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped # readelf -d out/target/product/generic/obj/EXECUTABLES/helloworld_intermediates/LINKED/helloworld |grep NEEDED 0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so] 0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libm.so]

这是 ARM 格式的动态链接可执行文件，运行时需要 libc.so 和 libm.so 。“ not stripped ”表示它还没被 STRIP 。

嵌入式系统中为节省空间通常将编译完成的可执行文件或动态库进行 STRIP ，即去掉其中多余的符号表信息。在前面“ make helloworld showcommands ”命令的最后我们也可以看到， Android编译环境中使用了 out/host/linux-x86/bin/soslim 工具进行 STRIP 。

原文连接：

http://www.top-e.org/jiaoshi/html/161.html

有关 Android Toolchain 的其他一些内容可参考： Android Toolchain与 Bionic Libc

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