磁盘存储管理和文件系统管理 RAID
16lz
2021-03-26
磁盘存储管理 和文件系统管理 RAID
1、磁盘管理
1.1 磁盘分区
两种分区方式：MBR，GPT
0磁道0扇区： 512bytes
446bytes：boot loader
64bytes：分区表，其中每16bytes标识一个分区
2bytes：55AA
1.2 管理分区
列出块设备
lsblk创建分区命令
fdisk 管理MBR分区gdisk 管理GPT分区parted 高级分区操作，1.3 parted 命令
parted的操作是实时生效的，小心使用
格式：
parted [option]...[设备 [命令 [参数]...]...]1.4 分区工具fdisk和gdisk
gdisk [device...] 类fdisk 的GPT分区工具fdisk -l [-u] [device...] 查看分区fdisk [device...] 管理MBR分区工具子命令：
p 分区列表t 更改分区类型n 创建新分区d 删除分区v 校验分区u 转换单位w 保存退出q 不保存退出查看内核是否已经识别新的分区
cat /proc/partations非交互式创建分区
echo -e 'n\np\n\n\n+2G\nw\n' | fdisk /dev/sdc1.5 文件系统管理
1.5.1 创建文件管理工具
mkfs命令：
(1) mkfs.FS_TYPE /dev/DEVICE
ext4
xfs
btfs
vfat
(2) mkfs -t FS_TYPE /dev/DEVICE
-L 'LABEL' 设定卷标
- mke2fs：ext系列文件系统专用管理工具
常用选项：
-t {ext2|ext3|ext4|xfs} 指定文件系统类型-b {1024|2048|4096} 指定块大小-L 'LABEL' 设定卷标-i #为数据空间中每第多少个字节创建一个inode；不小于块大小-N #指定分区中创建多少个inode-m #默认5%，为管理人员预留空间占总空间的百分比-o FEATURE[,...] 启用指定特性-o ^FEATURE 关闭指定特性-j 相当于 -t ext3 2、逻辑卷管理器
相关工具来自于lvm2 包
2.1 pv管理工具
#显示pv信息pvs：简要pv信息显示pvdisplay#创建pvpvcreate /dev/DEVICE#删除pvpvremove /dev/DEVICE2.2 vg管理工具
#显示卷组vgsvgdisplay#创建卷组vgcreate [-s #[KkmMgGtTpPeE]] volumeGroupName physicalDevicepath [PhysicalDevivePath...]#管理卷组vgextend VolumeGroupName PhysicalDevicePath [PhysicalDevivePath...]vgreduce VolumeGroupName PhysicalDevicePath [PhysicalDevivePath...]#删除卷组先做pvmove再做 vgremove2.3 lv管理工具
#显示逻辑卷lvslvdisplay#创建逻辑卷lvcreate -l #[mMgGtT] -n Name VolumeGrouplvcreate -l 60%VG -n mylv testvg#删除逻辑卷lvremove /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME2.4 在线扩展逻辑卷
lvextend -L [+]#[mMgGtT] /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME# ext格式resize2fs /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME# xfs格式xfs_growfs MOUNTPOINTlvresize -r -l +100%FREE /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME3、RAID
3.1 总结RAID各个级别及其组合方式和性能的不同
RAID类型：RAID 0、RAID 1、RAID 4、RAID 5、RAID 6、RAID 10、RAID 01、RAID 50RAID常用性能：RAID 0：需要至少2块硬盘，读写性能提升，可用空间为n块硬盘容量之和，无容错能力。RAID 1：至少需要2块硬盘，硬盘数为2的倍数，可用空间为n/2容量的空间，读性能提升，写性能降低，有冗余能力。RAID 5：至少需要3块硬盘，硬盘数为3块以上。可用空间为(n-1)，读写性能提升，有容错能力，最多允许坏1块盘。RAID 6：至少需要4块硬盘，硬盘数为4块以上，可用空间为(n-2)，读写性能提升，有容错能力，最多允许坏2块盘。RAID 10：至少需要4块硬盘，硬盘数为4的偶数，可用空间为n/2，读写性能提升，有容错能力，每组镜像最多只能坏1块盘。先组RAID 1再组 RAID 0。RAID 01：至少4块盘，硬盘数为4的偶数，可用空间为n/2，读写性能提升，有容错能力。不同镜像不能坏存储相同内容的硬盘，先组RAID 0 再组 RAID 1。RAID 50：至少需要6块盘，硬盘数为3的倍数，可用空间为(n-3),读写性能提升，有容错能力，每组镜像允许坏1块盘，最多允许坏2块硬盘。3.2 破坏mbr表并修复
# 备份MBR分区表[root@CentOS8 ~]#dd if=/dev/sda of=/data/mbr.img bs=1 count=64 skip=446[root@CentOS8 ~]#scp /data/mbr.img 10.0.0.8:# 破坏MBR分区表[root@CentOS8 ~]#dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=64 seek=446#重启无法进入系统[root@CentOS8 ~]#reboot#用光盘启动，进入rescue mode，选择1）Continue -->> 回车进入shell#配置网络sh-4.4#ip addr add 10.0.0.18/24 dev ens33 sh-4.4#scp 10.0.0.8:/root/mbr.img .#恢复MBR分区表sh-4.4#dd if=mbr.img of=/dev/sda bs=1 seek=446sh-4.4#exit3.3 磁盘管理实例
3.3.1 创建一个2G的文件系统，块大小为2048byte，预留1%可用空间,文件系统 ext4，卷标为TEST，要求此分区开机后自动挂载至/test目录，且默认有acl挂载选项
#创建2G分区[root@CentOS8 ~]#fdisk -lDisk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x3bce8aa0Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux/dev/sda2 2099200 211814399 209715200 100G 83 Linux/dev/sda3 211814400 218105855 6291456 3G 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda4 218105856 419430399 201324544 96G 5 Extended/dev/sda5 218107904 322965503 104857600 50G 83 Linux[root@CentOS8 ~]#fdisk /dev/sdaWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.Be careful before using the write command.Command (m for help): nAll primary partitions are in use.Adding logical partition 6First sector (322967552-419430399, default 322967552): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (322967552-419430399, default 419430399): +2GCreated a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x3bce8aa0Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux/dev/sda2 2099200 211814399 209715200 100G 83 Linux/dev/sda3 211814400 218105855 6291456 3G 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda4 218105856 419430399 201324544 96G 5 Extended/dev/sda5 218107904 322965503 104857600 50G 83 Linux/dev/sda6 322967552 327161855 4194304 2G 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered.Syncing disks.[root@CentOS8 ~]#lsblkNAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTsda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /├─sda3 8:3 0 3G 0 part [SWAP]├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 50G 0 part /data└─sda6 8:6 0 2G 0 part sr0 11:0 1 8.6G 0 rom #创建2G ext4文件系统[root@CentOS8 ~]#mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -L 'TEST' -m 1 /dev/sda6mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)Creating filesystem with 1048576 2k blocks and 131072 inodesFilesystem UUID: 344bd85b-cf28-4ace-aa25-a962f56a554fSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@CentOS8 ~]#blkid | grep /dev/sda6/dev/sda6: LABEL="TEST" UUID="344bd85b-cf28-4ace-aa25-a962f56a554f" BLOCK_SIZE="2048" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="3bce8aa0-06"#创建text挂载点并添加挂载配置使开机自动挂载[root@CentOS8 ~]#mkdir /test[root@CentOS8 /]#vim /etc/fstabUUID=344bd85b-cf28-4ace-aa25-a962f56a554f /test ext4 defaults 0 0 #设置默认挂载acl选项[root@CentOS8 ~]#tune2fs -o acl /dev/sda6[root@CentOS8 /]#reboot[root@CentOS8 ~]#df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda6 2031306 9236 1992908 1% /test[root@CentOS8 ~]#tune2fs -l /dev/sda6tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)Filesystem volume name: TESTLast mounted on: <not available>Filesystem UUID: 344bd85b-cf28-4ace-aa25-a962f56a554fFilesystem magic number: 0xEF53Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csumFilesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl #分区挂载选项支持aclFilesystem state: cleanErrors behavior: ContinueFilesystem OS type: Linux3.3.2 创建一个至少有两个PV组成的大小为20G的名为testvg的VG;要求PE大小 为16MB, 而后在卷组中创建大小为5G的逻辑卷testlv;挂载至/users目录
#创建两个分区，/dev/sda7和/dev/sda8 大小均为10G 且分区格式为lvm[root@CentOS8 ~]#fdisk /dev/sdaWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.Be careful before using the write command.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x3bce8aa0Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux/dev/sda2 2099200 211814399 209715200 100G 83 Linux/dev/sda3 211814400 218105855 6291456 3G 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda4 218105856 419430399 201324544 96G 5 Extended/dev/sda5 218107904 322965503 104857600 50G 83 Linux/dev/sda6 322967552 327161855 4194304 2G 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): nAll primary partitions are in use.Adding logical partition 7First sector (327163904-419430399, default 327163904): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (327163904-419430399, default 419430399): +10GCreated a new partition 7 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB.Command (m for help): tPartition number (1-7, default 7): 7 Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8eChanged type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.Command (m for help): nAll primary partitions are in use.Adding logical partition 8First sector (348137472-419430399, default 348137472): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (348137472-419430399, default 419430399): +10GCreated a new partition 8 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB.Command (m for help): tPartition number (1-8, default 8): 8Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8eChanged type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectorsUnits: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisklabel type: dosDisk identifier: 0x3bce8aa0Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux/dev/sda2 2099200 211814399 209715200 100G 83 Linux/dev/sda3 211814400 218105855 6291456 3G 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda4 218105856 419430399 201324544 96G 5 Extended/dev/sda5 218107904 322965503 104857600 50G 83 Linux/dev/sda6 322967552 327161855 4194304 2G 83 Linux/dev/sda7 327163904 348135423 20971520 10G 8e Linux LVM/dev/sda8 348137472 369108991 20971520 10G 8e Linux LVMCommand (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered.Syncing disks.#安装lvm管理工具，查看工具包安装文件[root@CentOS8 ~]#yum -y install lvm2 [root@CentOS8 ~]#rpm -ql lvm2#创建物理卷PV[root@CentOS8 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sda7 Physical volume "/dev/sda7" successfully created.[root@CentOS8 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sda8 Physical volume "/dev/sda8" successfully created.[root@CentOS8 ~]#pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda7 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g /dev/sda8 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g#创建卷组VG，且PE大小为16MB[root@CentOS8 ~]#vgcreate -s 16M testvg /dev/sda{7,8} Volume group "testvg" successfully created[root@CentOS8 ~]#vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree testvg 2 0 0 wz--n- <19.97g <19.97g[root@CentOS8 ~]#vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name testvg System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size <19.97 GiB PE Size 16.00 MiB Total PE 1278 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 1278 / <19.97 GiB VG UUID 3peGQY-6UoH-3haX-rQCG-OeEY-jFcj-wKPFNu#创建逻辑卷LV，大小为5G的testlv[root@CentOS8 ~]#lvcreate -n testlv -L 5G testvg Logical volume "testlv" created.[root@CentOS8 ~]#lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert testlv testvg -wi-a----- 5.00g [root@CentOS8 ~]#lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv LV Name testlv VG Name testvg LV UUID c2bGkH-5o3O-pM60-Kvxd-VoxM-bzoz-Nlgr0S LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time CentOS8.localdomain, 2021-03-26 06:21:59 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 5.00 GiB Current LE 320 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 8192 Block device 253:0[root@CentOS8 ~]#vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree testvg 2 1 0 wz--n- <19.97g <14.97g#创建ext4文件系统并自动挂载/users目录[root@CentOS8 ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/testlvmke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)Creating filesystem with 1310720 4k blocks and 327680 inodesFilesystem UUID: 2b540cd3-9f3a-4617-8940-1ae155b51474Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@CentOS8 ~]#blkid/dev/sda7: UUID="F3GTs3-X70f-lifj-Cjbz-QCp5-tk7F-3Qz3q0" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="3bce8aa0-07"/dev/sda8: UUID="Qk2QT3-fUdm-w4QT-3TDO-BUbM-kZbv-PEPNC2" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="3bce8aa0-08"/dev/sr0: BLOCK_SIZE="2048" UUID="2020-11-18-21-39-52-00" LABEL="CentOS-8-3-2011-x86_64-dvd" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="6b8b4567" PTTYPE="dos"/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv: UUID="2b540cd3-9f3a-4617-8940-1ae155b51474" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4"[root@CentOS8 ~]#mkdir /users[root@CentOS8 ~]#vim /etc/fstab#最后一行，添加UUID=2b540cd3-9f3a-4617-8940-1ae155b51474 /users ext4 defaults 0 0 #手动挂载文件系统[root@CentOS8 ~]#mount -a[root@CentOS8 ~]#df -hFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 4.9G 20M 4.6G 1% /users更多相关文章
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