Python运维自动化开发之Paramiko模块
16lz
2021-03-12
本章讲解使用Python语言的paramiko模块编写服务器批量管理脚本,可完成一些常规任务,例如自动化部署软件、批量执行命令、文件传输等。除了Paramiko模块,还有相同作用的fabric和pexpect模块。
Paramiko模块是基于Python实现的SSH远程安全连接,用于SSH远程执行命令、文件传输等功能。默认Python没有自带,需要手动安装:pip install paramiko
如果安装失败,可以尝试yum安装:yum install python-paramiko
示例:
1、SSH密码认证远程执行命令
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import paramikoimport syshostname = '192.168.1.215'port = 22username = 'root'password = '123456'client = paramiko.SSHClient() # 绑定实例client.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())client.connect(hostname, port, username, password, timeout=5)stdin, stdout, stderr = client.exec_command('df -h') # 执行bash命令result = stdout.read()error = stderr.read()# 判断stderr输出是否为空,为空则打印执行结果,不为空打印报错信息if not error: print resultelse: print errorclient.close()
2、私钥认证远程执行命令
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import paramikoimport syshostname = '192.168.1.215'port = 22username = 'root'key_file = '/root/.ssh/id_rsa'cmd = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])def ssh_conn(command): client = paramiko.SSHClient() key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(key_file) client.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) client.connect(hostname, port, username, pkey=key) stdin, stdout, stderr = client.exec_command(command) # 标准输入,标准输出,错误输出 result = stdout.read() error = stderr.read() if not error: print result else: print error client.close()if __name__ == "__main__": ssh_conn(cmd)
3、上传文件到远程服务器
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import os, sysimport paramikohostname = '192.168.1.215'port = 22username = 'root'password = '123456'local_path = '/root/test.txt'remote_path = '/opt/test.txt'if not os.path.isfile(local_path): print local_path + " file not exist!" sys.exit(1)try: s = paramiko.Transport((hostname, port)) s.connect(username = username, password=password)except Exception as e: print e sys.exit(1)sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(s)# 使用put()方法把本地文件上传到远程服务器sftp.put(local_path, remote_path) # 简单测试是否上传成功try: # 如果远程主机有这个文件则返回一个对象,否则抛出异常 sftp.file(remote_path) print "上传成功."except IOError: print "上传失败!"finally: s.close()
4、从远程服务器下载文件
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import os, sysimport paramikohostname = '192.168.1.215'port = 22username = 'root'password = '123456'local_path = '/root/test.txt'remote_path = '/opt/test.txt'try: s = paramiko.Transport((hostname, port)) s.connect(username=username, password=password) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(s)except Exception as e: print e sys.exit(1)try: # 判断远程服务器是否有这个文件 sftp.file(remote_path) # 使用get()方法从远程服务器拉去文件 sftp.get(remote_path, local_path) except IOError as e: print remote_path + "remote file not exist!" sys.exit(1)finally: s.close()# 测试是否下载成功if os.path.isfile(local_path): print "下载成功."else: print "下载失败!"
5、上传目录到远程服务器
paramiko模块并没有实现直接上传目录的类,已经知道了如何上传文件,再写一个上传目录的代码就简单了,利用os库的os.walk()方法遍历目录,再一个个上传:
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import os, sysimport paramikohostname = '192.168.1.215'port = 22username = 'root'password = '123456'local_path = '/root/abc'remote_path = '/opt/abc'# 去除路径后面正斜杠if local_path[-1] == '/': local_path = local_path[0:-1]if remote_path[-1] == '/': remote_path = remote_path[0:-1]file_list = []if os.path.isdir(local_path): for root, dirs, files in os.walk(local_path): for file in files: # 获取文件绝对路径 file_path = os.path.join(root, file) file_list.append(file_path)else: print path + "Directory not exist!" sys.exit(1)try: s = paramiko.Transport((hostname, port)) s.connect(username=username, password=password) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(s)except Exception as e: print efor local_file in file_list: # 替换目标目录 remote_file = local_file.replace(local_path, remote_path) remote_dir = os.path.dirname(remote_file) # 如果远程服务器没目标目录则创建 try: sftp.stat(remote_dir) except IOError: sftp.mkdir(remote_dir) print "%s -> %s" % (local_file, remote_file) sftp.put(local_file, remote_file)s.close()
sftp是安全文件传输协议,提供一种安全的加密方法,sftp是SSH的一部分,SFTPClient类实现了sftp客户端,通过已建立的SSH通道传输文件,与其他的操作,如下:
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